关于本书
About this Book
确保美国安全
Keeping America safe and secure
美国的安全机构已经存在了几十年。9/11 袭击事件导致一个新的安全机构的成立：2002 年成立的国土安全部。本书全面介绍了每个机构和部门——它们的成立、历史、结构、内部运作以及它们在努力保护国内外美国人时的重要性。
America's security agencies have been around for decades. The events following the attacks of 9/11 led to the creation of a new security agency: The Department of Homeland Security in 2002. This book takes on a thorough examination of each agency and department—their creation, history, structure, inner workings and importance as they work hard to protect Americans home and abroad.
关于作者
About the Author
汤姆·斯特雷斯古斯已经为年轻读者写了五十多本历史和传记书籍。他为 Enslow Publishers, Inc. 出版的书籍包括《J. 埃德加·胡佛：强大的 FBI 局长》和《死刑：关于死刑的辩论》。
Tom Streissguth has written more then fifty books of history and biography for young readers. His books for Enslow Publishers, Inc., include J. Edgar Hoover: Powerful FBI Director and The Death Penalty: Debating Capital Punishment.
内容
CONTENTS
Departments of the Executive Branch
Chapter 1: The Department of Homeland Security
Chapter 2: Tasks of Homeland Security
Chapter 3: The OSS and the CIA
Chapter 4: Working for the CIA
Analyzing Top Secret Information
Chapter 5: The National Security Agency
Chapter 6: Intercepts and Analysis
Chapter 7: The History of the FBI
The Red Scare and “Palmer Raids”
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1
国土安全部
The Department of Homeland Security
2001 年 9 月 11 日早晨，美国东部地区陷入了空中恐怖袭击。恐怖分子劫持了四架客机。其中三架飞机撞上了纽约市和弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿市的建筑物，阿灵顿市位于华盛顿特区的郊区。另一架飞机在到达目标前坠毁在宾夕法尼亚州的一片田野中。
The morning of September 11, 2001, brought terror from the skies to the eastern United States. Terrorists hijacked four passenger jets. Three of the planes struck buildings in New York City and Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D.C. Another plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania before reaching its target.
在纽约，消防和警察部队迅速赶赴现场。没有人知道发生了什么。纽约市长没有从军方得到任何信息。电视记者猜测恐怖分子的身份。
In New York, fire and police units rushed to the scene. No one was sure what was happening. The city’s mayor had no information from the military. Television reporters speculated on the identity of the terrorists.
当时，乔治·W·布什总统正在访问佛罗里达州萨拉索塔，距离美国首都华盛顿特区较远
At the time, President George W. Bush was visiting Sarasota, Florida, far from nation’s capital in Washington, D.C.
总统从佛罗里达州飞往内布拉斯加州的一个地下掩体。和全国其他人一样，他很难理解局势。他不知道是否会有更多袭击发生，也不确定国家应该如何应对。1
From Florida, the president flew to an underground bunker in Nebraska. Like the rest of the country, he was struggling to understand the situation. He did not know whether more attacks were coming, and was not sure how the country should respond.1
袭击发生后，美国联邦航空管理局 (FAA) 立即停飞了除军用飞机以外的所有飞机。FAA 的空中交通管制员与军方合作巡逻天空。军方加强了全国的安全保卫。武装警卫在机场、边境口岸和港口站岗。美国在世界各地的军事基地都处于戒备状态。
Immediately after the attack, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all planes, except for those used by the military. FAA air-traffic controllers worked with the military to patrol the skies. The military increased security all over the country. Armed guards stood watch at airports, border crossings, and harbors. United States military bases all over the world were put on alert.
政府的反应既缓慢又缺乏协调。尽管政府的一些官员已经收到了一般警告，但袭击的时间和地点却完全出乎意料。中央情报局 (CIA) 等联邦机构已经传来了一些有关劫机阴谋的信息。但中央情报局和联邦调查局 (FBI) 一直都在了解此类阴谋。似乎没有足够的细节来警告这些机构有关这次阴谋。没有人花太多时间去调查它，也没有人为此做准备。
The response was slow and uncoordinated. Although some members of the government had received general warnings, the timing and locations of the attack had been a complete surprise. Some information about a plot to hijack planes had arrived from federal agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). But the CIA and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) learn of such plots all the time. There seemed to not be enough details to warn the agencies about this one. Nobody took much time to investigate it, or to prepare for it.
2001 年 9 月 20 日，即袭击发生九天后，布什总统签署了一项行政命令。行政命令是总统发布的具有法律效力的规则。该命令成立了国土安全办公室 (OHS)。布什提名前宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆·里奇担任 OHS 首任主任，参议院批准了这一任命。2
On September 20, 2001, nine days after the attacks, President Bush signed an executive order. An executive order is a rule that a president issues that has the force of a law. The order created the Office of Homeland Security (OHS). Bush nominated Tom Ridge, a former governor of Pennsylvania, as the first director of the OHS, which the Senate approved.2
OHS 的使命是协调情报和信息。该办公室将努力防止未来发生针对美国的恐怖袭击。如果恐怖袭击即将发生，它将帮助各州做好准备。袭击发生后，该办公室将帮助当地警察、消防和救援部门做出反应并援助受害者。
The mission of the OHS was to coordinate intelligence and information. The office would try to prevent future terrorist attacks against the United States. It would prepare the states for a terrorist attack if one was about to occur. After the attack, the office would help local police and fire and rescue departments respond and aid victims.
纽约市一名消防员仰望 9·11 恐怖袭击中倒塌的世贸中心残骸。9·11 恐怖袭击发生后，时任总统乔治·W·布什作出回应，成立了后来的国土安全部。
A New York City fire fighter looks up at what remains of the World Trade Center after its collapse during the September 11th terrorist attack. After the 9/11 attacks, then President George W. Bush responded by creating what would become the Department of the Homeland Security.
国家行动中心 (NOC) 每天 24 小时运作。它是国土安全部不可或缺的一部分，汇集来自联邦、州、地方和私营部门机构的信息，帮助识别、阻止和制止恐怖行为并管理国内事件。
The National Operations Center (NOC) operates all day, every day. It is an integral part of the Department of Homeland Security, bringing together information from federal, state, local, and private sector agencies to help identify, discourage, and stop terrorist acts and to manage domestic incidents.
该机构需要一种方法来警告人们可能发生的恐怖袭击。如果发现恐怖袭击即将发生，这一警告将使国家做好准备。消防和警察部门将进入警戒状态。每个人都会留意可疑活动。
The agency needed a way to warn people of an expected attack. If it found a terrorist attack in the works, this warning would allow the country to prepare. Fire and police units would go on alert. Everyone would watch for suspicious activity.
2002 年 3 月，国土安全警告系统启动。总统指令建立了这一新的“风险警告”等级。五种颜色代表五种不同的警戒状态：
In March 2002, the Homeland Security Advisory System started. A presidential directive established this new “risk advisory” scale. Five colors represented five different states of alert:
绿色恐怖主义风险低
GREEN Low risk of terrorism
B LUE防范（一般风险，无可信威胁）
BLUE Guarded (general risk with no credible threats)
黄色恐怖袭击风险较大
YELLOW Significant risk of terrorist attacks
O范围发生局部恐怖袭击的风险较高
ORANGE High risk of a local terrorist attacks
红色严重（恐怖袭击已经发生或即将发生。）
RED Severe (A terrorist attack has occurred or is about to.)
11 月，国会通过了《2002 年国土安全法案》。该法案成立了国土安全部 (DHS)，并任命国土安全部主任为总统内阁成员。2003 年 1 月，国土安全部开始运行国土安全警告系统。自该系统启动以来，没有出现过红色警报。然而，当国外发生恐怖袭击时，该系统会发出橙色警报。大多数时候，例如 2006 年夏天，系统显示黄色，表示袭击“风险较高”，但不会发生任何袭击。3
In November, Congress passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002. This created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and made the di-rector of the DHS a member of the president’s Cabinet. In January 2003, the Department of Homeland Security began operating the Homeland Security Advisory System. Since the system began, there have been no Red alerts. However, the system flashed Orange when terrorist attacks occurred in foreign countries. Most of the time, as in the summer of 2006, the system showed Yellow, with an “elevated risk” of attacks but none about to occur.3
在联邦大楼，许多安保人员都以警报系统为依据。例如，当警报级别达到橙色时，他们会搜查进入大楼的所有车辆。该系统按计划于 2011 年 4 月 27 日逐步淘汰，取而代之的是名为“国家恐怖主义警报系统”的新系统。2011 年 1 月 27 日，国土安全部长珍妮特·纳波利塔诺宣布了这一淘汰计划。
At federal buildings, many security workers took their cue from the warning system. When the warning level reached Orange, for example, they would search all cars that enter the property. The system was, as scheduled, phased out April 27, 2011, and replaced with a new system called the National Terrorism Advisory System. The phase-out was announced on January 27, 2011, by Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano.
纳波利塔诺表示，新的国家恐怖主义预警系统将向公众和所有执法机构提供有关具体或可信的恐怖主义威胁的详细信息。新的 NTAS 警报将明确指出存在“迫在眉睫的威胁”或“严重威胁”，而不是使用旧的颜色编码警告。此外，纳波利塔诺指出，新的 NTAS 警报将包括对恐怖主义威胁的简要概述以及公共安全官员和公众应对威胁应采取的具体步骤。
According to Napolitano, the new National Terrorism Advisory System will provide the public and all law enforcement agencies with detailed information about specific or credible terrorist threats. Instead of the old color-coded warnings, the new NTAS alerts will clearly state that there is either an “imminent threat” or “elevated threat.” In addition, noted Napolitano, the new NTAS alerts will include a concise summary of the terrorist threat along with the specific steps public safety officials and the public should take in reaction to the threat.
政府内部对新机构的职责展开了激烈的争论。有人认为联邦调查局和中央情报局应该成为新机构的一部分。如果这些大机构的工作能够合并，将有助于协调恐怖袭击的准备工作。
There was strong debate in the government about what the job of the new agency should be. Some argued that the FBI and the CIA should become part of it. If the work of these large and powerful agencies could be combined, this would help coordinate the preparation for a terrorist attack.
但联邦调查局和中央情报局的领导人不同意。他们希望保持工作独立。特别是中央情报局，它进行着许多秘密行动。它不想与任何其他联邦机构分享其信息或方法。
But leaders of the FBI and CIA disagreed. They wanted to keep their work independent. The CIA, in particular, runs many secret operations. It does not want to share its information or methods with any other federal agency.
国会还就新机构雇员的权利进行了辩论。联邦雇员通常享有许多工作保障。他们不能无正当理由被解雇。如果他们被解雇，他们可以对决定提出上诉。汤姆·里奇认为这是一种重要的做事方式。如果他的机构缺乏这样的工作保障，他相信它可能无法吸引优秀员工。此外，申请国土安全部和联邦政府其他安全机构工作的公民要经过严格的申请程序。该机构对每个申请人进行广泛的测试和背景调查。这降低了不诚实或叛徒被录用的机会。
Congress also debated the rights of the new agency’s employees. Federal employees generally enjoy many job protections. They cannot be fired without a good reason. If they are fired, they can appeal the decision. Tom Ridge saw this as an important way of doing things. If his agency lacked such job protection, he believed that it might not attract good workers. Also, citizens who apply to work for the DHS and other security agencies in the federal government go through a rigorous application process. The agency does extensive testing and background checks on each applicant. This decreases the chances that a dishonest or traitorous person would get hired.
2003 年 10 月 1 日星期三，乔治·W·布什总统在华盛顿特区国土安全部签署了 2004 年国土安全拨款法案。
President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 at the Department of Homeland Security in Washington, D.C., Wednesday October 1, 2003.
然而，布什总统和其他人认为，新机构的员工不应该受到这样的工作保护。国土安全局的员工可能能力不足。更糟糕的是，他们可能为恐怖组织工作，向敌人发送重要信息，帮助他们策划和准备袭击。总统不希望对国土安全局的解雇决定提出上诉。如果他们无法有效地完成工作，或者被发现是为恐怖分子工作或协助恐怖分子的特工，他们应该立即被解雇，并且没有上诉的权利。
Still, President Bush and others believed employees of the new agency should not have such job protection. Employees of a homeland security agency might be incompetent. Worse, they might be working for a terrorist group, sending vital information to the enemy, helping them to plan and prepare an attack. The president wanted no appeal of a firing decision in the homeland security agency. If they were unable to effectively do their jobs, or if they were found to be agents working for or aiding terrorists, they should lose their jobs immediately, without the right to appeal.
珍妮特·纳波利塔诺是第三任也是现任美国国土安全部部长，在巴拉克·奥巴马总统的政府中任职。
Janet Napolitano is the third and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama.
最后，双方同意联邦调查局和中央情报局将保持独立。2003 年 1 月 24 日，国土安全部开始运作。这是一个新的“内阁级”机构。国土安全部负责人是总统内阁成员，内阁是总统高级顾问委员会的成员。
Finally, it was agreed that the FBI and CIA would remain separate and independent. On January 24, 2003, the Department of Homeland Security began operations. It was a new “cabinet-level” agency. The head of the department sits in the presidential Cabinet, the committee of top advisors to the president.
汤姆·里奇一直担任国土安全部部长，直到 2004 年辞职。汤姆·里奇离职后，海军上将詹姆斯·洛伊从 2005 年 2 月 1 日起担任代理国土安全部长，直到 2005 年 2 月 15 日迈克尔·切尔托夫被任命并宣誓就职。切尔托夫曾担任联邦上诉法院法官和美国司法部刑事司高级官员。目前，珍妮特·纳波利塔诺是美国第三任国土安全部长，在总统巴拉克·奥巴马的政府中任职。她是第四位担任该职位的人（包括代理部长洛伊），该职位是在 9/11 袭击事件后设立的。
Tom Ridge remained as secretary of the DHS until he resigned in 2004. Following the departure of Tom Ridge, Admiral James Loy filled in as acting secretary of Homeland Security from February 1, 2005, until February 15, 2005, when Michael Chertoff was confirmed and sworn into office. Chertoff had been a federal appellate judge and a top official in the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. Currently, Janet Napolitano is the third United States secretary of Homeland Security, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She is the fourth person (including acting Secretary Loy) to hold the position, which was created after the 9/11 attack.
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2
国土安全的任务
Tasks of Homeland Security
FEMA 的国家应急培训中心是当地应急管理人员的重要工具。该中心在全国范围内开设了许多课程，为各级应急响应团队做好准备。在这张照片中，社区应急响应小组 (CERT) 领导人正在马里兰州埃米茨堡接受培训。
FEMA's National Emergency Training Center is an important tool for local emergency managers. The Center runs a number of classes nationwide to prepare Emergency Response teams at all levels. In this photo, Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) leaders are being trained in Emmitsburg, Maryland.
国土安全部包括许多不同的机构和局。它们都与保卫美国有关。有些机构旨在防止恐怖袭击，而有些机构则在灾难发生后处理灾难。
The Department of Homeland Security includes many different agencies and bureaus. All have something to do with protecting the United States. Some intend to prevent terrorist attacks, while others deal with disasters after they occur.
联邦紧急事务管理局（FEMA）的职责是协调全国应对各种灾难的行动。FEMA 的工作人员负责应对恐怖袭击。他们还负责处理自然灾害，例如地震、洪水、火灾、海啸、火山、暴风雪和山体滑坡。
The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, has the job of coordinating the nation’s response to disasters of all kinds. People who work at FEMA prepare for terrorist attacks. They also handle natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, tsunamis, volcanoes, blizzards, and landslides.
灾难发生后，联邦紧急事务管理局特工负责协调救援工作。他们可以派出救护车、直升机和搜救犬赶赴现场寻找幸存者。他们可以为失去家园的人们建立紧急住所。
FEMA agents coordinate rescue efforts after the disaster takes place. They can rush ambulances, helicopters, and rescue dogs to the scene to find survivors. They can set up emergency housing for people who lose their homes.
当某州州长宣布进入紧急状态并请求联邦援助时，联邦紧急事务管理局就会立即采取行动。其工作人员会联系当地的“急救人员”——最先到达现场的人员。联邦紧急事务管理局可以召集附近的其他单位参与救援工作。
When the governor of a state declares a state of emergency and requests federal aid, FEMA swings into action. Its people make contact with local “first responders”—the first people to arrive at the scene. FEMA can summon other nearby units for the rescue effort.
有些自然灾害需要几天或几个月的关注。许多人都想自愿提供帮助。FEMA 特工组织这些志愿者，并将他们派往最需要的地方。
Some natural disasters require days or months of attention. Many people want to volunteer to help. FEMA agents organize these volunteers and send them where they are most needed.
袭击或灾难发生后，联邦紧急事务管理局特工将调查现场。他们试图防止现场出现进一步的问题。可能有化学品泄漏，或者电线被击落。特工安排清理现场，确保现场再次安全。
After the attack or disaster, FEMA agents investigate the scene. They try to prevent further problems at the site. A chemical may have spilled, or power lines may have been downed. The agents arrange to have the site cleaned up and made safe again.
FEMA 还开设了一所“灾害学校”，即应急管理学院。1在这所在线学校，地方应急管理官员学习如何应对灾难。他们还学习如何与联邦政府协调工作。
FEMA also operates a “disaster school,” known as the Emergency Management Institute.1 At this online school, local emergency management officials learn how to handle disasters when they occur. They also learn how to coordinate their work with that of the federal government.
国土安全部最大的职责是保护。国土安全部负责守卫美国的边境、海岸线、港口和机场。
The biggest job of the Department of Homeland Security is protection. The DHS guards the borders, coastlines, ports, and airports of the United States.
美国边境巡逻队负责陆地边界。美国只有两条边界——墨西哥和加拿大。但这两条边界都很长，而且大部分都是荒野。
The United States Border Patrol is responsible for land boundaries. The United States has only two—with Mexico and Canada. But both of these borders run for long distances, and much of that distance is wilderness.
边境巡逻人员使用飞机、汽车和徒步巡逻来执行任务。2他们监视试图非法越境的人。他们还监视携带非法物品入境的人。这些物品包括毒品、某些动物、武器、爆炸物和某些食物。
Border Patrol agents use planes, cars, and foot patrols to do their job.2 They watch for people trying to cross into the country illegally. They also watch for people bringing illegal items into the country. These include drugs, certain animals, weapons, explosives, and some kinds of food.
美国海岸警卫队 (USCG) 在水上也有类似的任务。美国海岸警卫队船只监视美国沿海水域。他们还守卫海港。海岸警卫队船只有权在海上拦截任何船只。他们可以搜查船只并询问船上人员。如果他们怀疑有人正在违法或即将违法，他们可以扣押船只并逮捕人员。
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) has a similar task on the water. USCG boats watch the coastal waters of the United States. They also guard seaports. Coast Guard ships have the right to stop any vessel at sea. They can search the vessel and question the people on it. If they suspect that someone is breaking the law, or is about to, they can seize vessels and arrest people.
边境巡逻人员参加快速绳索练习，这是 BORTAC 训练的一部分。
Border Patrol Agents participate in a fast rope exercise as part of BORTAC training.
航空乘客在登机前必须通过安全检查站。
Airline passengers must pass through security screening checkpoints prior to boarding their flights.
美国最繁忙的入口是机场。国土安全部负责航空旅行的安全。运输安全管理局 (TSA) 负责检查所有航班的乘客和行李。TSA 特工会询问旅客的计划。他们还会检查行李，以确保行李中没有武器或爆炸物。3
The busiest entrances to the United States are its airports. The DHS is responsible for the security of air travel. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) screens passengers and baggage on all flights. TSA agents question travelers about their plans. They also screen luggage to make sure it contains no weapons or explosives.3
每位乘坐飞机的人都要经过 TSA 检查站。但 TSA 特工也会在难以发现的地方开展工作。武装空警随机飞行以保护航班。TSA 还实施了一项联邦飞行甲板官员计划，该计划允许一些飞行员携带武器。炸弹嗅探犬会检查要装上飞机的行李。特工还会仔细检查乘客名单（即应该在飞机上的人员名单）。他们将乘客姓名与“监视名单”进行比较，后者是可能试图从一个地方逃到另一个地方的已知恐怖分子和罪犯的名单。
Everyone who takes a plane goes through a TSA checkpoint. But TSA agents also operate in places harder to see. Armed air marshals fly on planes to protect flights. The TSA also runs a Federal Flight Deck Officer Program in which some pilots are allowed to be armed. Bomb-sniffing dogs examine luggage to be loaded on a plane. Agents also carefully check passenger manifests—lists of who is supposed to be on the plane. They compare the names of passengers with a “watch list”—a list of known terrorists and criminals who may be trying to get from one place to another.
TSA 有专门负责特定运输领域的总经理：航空、货运、海运（远航）、公路、铁路、管道和公共交通。这些总经理是了解这些系统的风险和威胁的专家。他们可以采取措施防止恐怖袭击。
The TSA has general managers who work in a certain transportation sector: airlines, cargo, maritime (seagoing), highways, railroads, pipelines, and mass transit. These general managers are experts who know about the risks and threats to these systems. They can take measures to prevent terrorist attacks.
国土安全部的主要任务之一是做好准备并向公众通报情况。国土安全部警告在这一努力中发挥着最重要的作用。当恐怖袭击迫在眉睫时，该机构将把威胁级别提升至红色。这种情况首次发生于 2006 年 8 月，当时英国警方发现有人密谋摧毁至少十架飞往美国的飞机。袭击策划者计划将炸药带上飞机。在飞往美国的途中，他们会在飞行途中炸毁飞机。4
One of the main tasks of the DHS is to prepare and inform the public. The Homeland Security Advisory plays the most important part in this effort. When a terrorist attack is imminent, the agency will raise the threat level to Red. This occurred for the first time in August 2006, when police in Great Britain discovered a plot to destroy at least ten airplanes en route to the United States. The plotters of the attack had planned to bring explosives on board the airplanes. On the way to the United States, they would blow up the planes in mid-flight.4
国土安全部官员将红色警告定得非常具体。它只适用于从英国飞往美国的航班。突然间，这些航班的安检变得非常严格。乘客被逐一搜查。安检人员多次检查行李。
DHS officials made the Red-level warning very specific. It applied only to flights from Great Britain to the United States. Suddenly, security on these flights became very tight. Passengers were searched one by one. Screeners examined luggage several times.
在美国，所有航空业的威胁级别都变为橙色。美国运输安全管理局的特工与机场官员会面，计划采取新的安全措施。乘客必须接受更仔细的检查、搜查和面谈。此外，他们不能携带任何液体登机：水、果汁，尤其是洗发水、剃须膏罐或发胶瓶，这些很容易藏有爆炸性物质。5
Within the United States, the threat level became Orange for all aviation. Agents of the TSA met with airport officials to plan new security measures. Passengers would have to go through more careful screening, searches, and interviews. Also, they could not bring any liquids on board: no water, no juice, and especially no shampoo, cans of shaving cream, or hair gel bottles, which can easily hide explosive substances.5
国土安全部及其特工必须比犯罪分子和恐怖分子提前思考一步。因此，国土安全部官员经常改变他们的计划和程序。每次改变都是为了适应新的威胁。
The DHS and its agents must think one step ahead of criminals and terrorists. For this reason, DHS officials often change their plans and procedures. Each change is meant to adapt to new threats.
从很多方面来看，国土安全部的任务与美国政府的其他部门一样重要。恐怖袭击可能使整个国家陷入瘫痪。它可能扰乱城市秩序，并损害国民经济达数月甚至数年之久。2001 年 9 月 11 日的恐怖袭击事件促成了国土安全部的成立。国土安全部的员工及其下属机构现在必须努力确保此类袭击不再发生。这似乎是一项不可能完成的任务，但国土安全部的男男女女已经接受了挑战。
In many ways, the task of the DHS is as important as any in the United States government. A terrorist attack can paralyze the entire nation. It can disrupt cities and harm the national economy for months and years. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Its employees and the agencies that fall under its umbrella must now try to ensure that such an attack does not happen again. It may seem like an impossible task, but the men and women of the department have accepted the challenge.
3
3
战略情报局和中央情报局
The OSS and the CIA
这张照片是在古巴导弹危机期间从 RF-101 伏都侦察机上拍摄的。这是美国空军对古巴苏联导弹基地的侦察照片。
This image was taken from a RF-101 Voodoo spy plane during what is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. It is a United States Air Force reconnaissance photograph of Soviet missile sites on Cuba.
时间是 1942 年 6 月。第二次世界大战正席卷整个欧洲大陆。纳粹德国的军队已经占领了大部分土地，占领了几乎所有的欧洲国家。1941 年 12 月，日本轰炸了美国在夏威夷的重要军事基地珍珠港。不久，美国就与日本在太平洋上展开了战争。
The time was June 1942. World War II was raging all over the European continent. The armies of Nazi Germany had overrun much of the land and occupied almost all of the European countries. In December 1941, Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor, an important United States military base in Hawaii. Soon, the United States was fighting Japan in the Pacific.
陆军和海军都有自己的间谍机构。但这些机构并不合作。它们不协调行动。它们小心翼翼地守护着自己掌握的任何信息。如果一个机构破解了敌方密码，它不会告知另一个机构。
The Army and Navy had their own spy agencies. But these agencies did not work together. They did not coordinate their operations. They jealously guarded any information they had. If one agency broke an enemy code, it did not tell the other.
为了解决这一问题，战略情报局 (OSS) 成立了。1战略情报局局长是威廉·“狂野比尔”·多诺万。该机构在欧洲和亚洲组织和训练地下战士，对抗或监视占领日本和德国。战略情报局还在许多外国招募间谍。这些间谍在战争期间向战略情报局特工传递重要情报。
To help the situation, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was formed.1 The director of the OSS was William “Wild Bill” Donovan. The agency organized and trained underground fighters in Europe and Asia who would fight against or spy on the occupying Japanese and Germans. The OSS also recruited spies in many foreign countries. These spies passed on important information to the OSS agents during the war.
第二次世界大战于 1945 年夏天结束。同年 10 月，战略情报局关闭。在威廉·多诺万看来，收集情报和招募间谍仍然是美国政府的一项重要任务。他请求哈里·杜鲁门总统继续该机构的工作。杜鲁门总统同意了。他下令于 1946 年 1 月组建中央情报组。
World War II ended in the summer of 1945. In October of that year, the OSS closed down. In William Donovan’s view, gathering information and recruiting spies was still a vital task for the United States government. He asked President Harry Truman to continue the agency’s work. The president agreed. He ordered the Central Intelligence Group formed in January 1946.
1947 年，美国国会通过了《国家安全法》。2这项法律创立了现代中央情报局以及其他安全机构。该机构总部位于华盛顿特区 E 街，其特工在国外工作，收集对美国政府有用的信息。
In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the National Security Act.2 This law created the modern Central Intelligence Agency, as well as other security agencies. The agency’s headquarters was on E Street in Washington, D.C. Its agents would work in foreign countries, collecting information useful to the United States government.
1949 年通过了一项新法律。《中央情报局法案》允许中央情报局秘密运作。中央情报局不必公开其资金使用情况。它不必透露任何有关其运作的信息。该机构的行为几乎不受任何控制。
A new law passed in 1949. The Central Intelligence Agency Act allowed the CIA to function in secret. The CIA did not have to make public how it spent its money. It did not have to reveal anything about its operations. There were few controls on what the agency did.
当时，美国和苏联正处于冷战时期。两个超级大国都在世界各地寻找盟友。美国把打击苏联和共产主义传播视为中情局的首要任务。
At the time, the United States and the Soviet Union were fighting the Cold War. The two superpowers were seeking allies all over the world. The United States saw the fight against the Soviet Union and the spread of Communism as the CIA’s most important task.
克格勃是苏联的秘密情报机构。中央情报局试图招募克格勃特工来对抗自己的政府。同样，克格勃收集信息并试图将中央情报局特工变成苏联的间谍。
The KGB was the secret intelligence agency of the Soviet Union. The CIA tried to recruit KGB agents to work against their own government. Similarly, the KGB collected information and tried to turn CIA agents into spies for the Soviets.
中情局还试图实施暗杀计划。该机构的目标是美国的敌人。其目标之一菲德尔·卡斯特罗是加勒比海共产主义国家古巴的领导人。3该机构还帮助推翻了智利和伊朗的合法政府。4这些政府被视为对美国不友好。
The CIA also tried to carry out assassination programs. The agency targeted enemies of the United States. One of its targets, Fidel Castro, was the leader of Cuba, a Communist nation in the Caribbean Sea.3 The agency also helped to overthrow the lawful governments of Chile and Iran.4 These governments were seen as unfriendly to the United States.
20 世纪 60 年代，美国在东南亚国家越南与北越共产主义者作战。中央情报局是这场战争的重要组成部分。该机构非法监视反战人士。尽管中央情报局被禁止这样做，但大部分工作都在美国进行。
In the 1960s, the United States was fighting against North Vietnamese communists in the Southeast Asian nation of Vietnam. The CIA was an important part of the war. The agency illegally spied on people that were opposed to the war. Most of this work took place in the United States, even though the CIA was supposed to be banned from doing so.
20 世纪 70 年代初，理查德·尼克松总统也利用了中央情报局。尼克松命令该机构监视他的政治敌人。1973 年，水门事件丑闻爆发。尼克松决定于 1974 年 8 月辞职。由于在水门事件中扮演的角色，中央情报局遭到美国国会的抨击。
In the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon also made use of the CIA. Nixon ordered the agency to spy on his political enemies. In 1973, the Watergate scandal broke out. Nixon decided to resign from office in August 1974. For its role in the affair, the CIA came under fire from the U.S. Congress.
国会对中情局进行了调查，并举行了公开听证会。在这些听证会上，中情局的许多秘密行动被公之于众。立法者制止了中情局在美国和国外的一些行动。
Congress investigated the CIA and held public hearings. In these hearings, many of the CIA’s secret doings were made public. Lawmakers put a stop to some of the CIA’s operationsin the United States and abroad.
菲德尔·卡斯特罗于 1959 年控制了古巴岛国。20 世纪 60 年代初，美国中央情报局密谋推翻他的政权，但没有成功。
Fidel Castro took control of the island nation of Cuba in 1959. In the early 1960s the CIA unsuccessfully plotted to overthrow his regime.
MQ-1“捕食者”无人机是美国自1995年以来开始使用的无人机，可以用于侦察，也可以在配备两枚AGM-114“地狱火”导弹的情况下用作武器。
The MQ-1 Predator is an unmanned aircraft, or drone, that has been used by the United States since 1995. This type of aircraft can be used for the purpose of reconnaissance, or as a weapon when armed with two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles.
中情局必须向国会披露其部分行动的执行情况。此外，中情局不能再执行暗杀任务。总统不能利用它来促进政治生涯或赢得选举。
The CIA had to reveal to Congress how it carried out some of its operations. Also, it could no longer carry out assassinations. Presidents could not use it to help their political careers or help them win elections.
大多数国家都有像中情局这样的情报机构。但很少有国家对它们进行调查，或就其行动举行公开听证会。很少有间谍机构受到立法者对其行动的控制。前中情局局长斯坦斯菲尔德·特纳在他的著作《秘密与民主：转型中的中情局》中写道：“在世界民主国家中，只有美国已经走得如此之远，以确保即使是这个最秘密的政府部门也能响应人民的意愿。” 5
Most countries have intelligence agencies like the CIA. But few investigate them, or hold public hearings on their actions. Few spy agencies have controls, imposed by lawmakers, on what they can do. In his book, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition, Stansfield Turner, a former head of the CIA, wrote,“Of the world’s democracies, only the United States has gone so far to ensure that even this, the most secret arm of government, is responsive to the will of the people.”5
中情局必须在一定限度内开展工作。根据联邦法律，有些事情它可以做，有些事情它不可以做。这是该机构在一个开放和民主的社会中开展工作所付出的代价。
The CIA must work within limits. There are things it can do, and other things it cannot do, according to federal law. It is the price the agency pays for working within an open and democratic society.
2001年9月11日恐怖袭击事件发生后，打击恐怖主义成为中情局最重要的任务。中情局在国外的特工寻找恐怖分子的下落。中情局向中东地区派出了卫星和无人机。捕食者无人机上没有飞行员。它配备了强大的摄像头和导弹。捕食者的任务是寻找并摧毁恐怖分子头目及其营地。
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, fighting terrorism became the most important task of the CIA. CIA agents in foreign countries sought information on the whereabouts of terrorists. The CIA sent satellites and drones over the Middle East. The Predator drone had no pilot aboard. It held powerful cameras as well as missiles. The mission of the Predator was to seek and destroy terrorist leaders and their camps.
国家反恐中心 (NCTC) 负责协调这些工作。6信息以多种形式到达 NCTC。例如，信号情报 (sigint) 允许 CIA 分析人员监听从卫星电话、无线电设备和移动电话中拾取的对话。
The National Counterterrorism Center, or NCTC, coordinates these efforts.6 Information in many forms arrives at the NCTC. For example, signals intelligence, or sigint, allows CIA analysts to hear conversations picked up from satellite telephones, radio sets, and mobile phones.
NCTC 致力于了解恐怖组织。该中心收集有关恐怖组织的武器、成员和计划的信息。分析人员追踪恐怖分子的资金来源，以查明谁在支持他们以及资金是如何流向的。NCTC 还与恐怖分子活动国家的外国机构合作。
The NCTC attempts to understand terrorist groups. The center collects information on their weapons, their members, and their plans. Analysts track the money that funds terrorists in an effort to find out who is supporting them and how the money is sent. The NCTC also works with foreign agencies in countries where terrorists are operating.
该中心还负责追踪恐怖分子头目。一旦找到头目，该中心可能会将信息传递给军方，以便实施袭击。或者，该中心会将嫌疑人的位置告知联邦调查局。在美国，联邦调查局负责抓捕头目。当 NCTC 发现恐怖主义威胁时，它会警告负责防止袭击的人员。这包括警察、护理人员和急救人员等急救人员以及消防和救援部门。
The center also tracks terrorist leaders. When one is located, the center may pass the information to the military so that an attack can be carried out. Or, the center will advise the FBI of the suspect’s location. Within the United States, the FBI is responsible for nabbing the leader. When the NCTC discovers a threat of terrorism, it warns those responsible for preventing the attack. This includes first responders such as police, paramedics and EMTs, and fire and rescue departments.
中央情报局对政府应对其他威胁至关重要。中央情报局收集的信息使总统能够采取行动并做出决定。在许多危险的地方，这些信息有助于决定美国的外交政策。
The CIA is vital to the government’s response to other threats. Information collected by the CIA allows the president to take action and make decisions. In many dangerous places, this information helps to decide the foreign policy of the United States.
例如，朝鲜是东亚的一个小国，美国视其为严重威胁。朝鲜领导层已经建立了庞大的军队，并试图研制核导弹。中央情报局不断监视朝鲜导弹基地。7 中央情报局分析师可以检查截获的朝鲜领导人与科学家之间的信息。
North Korea, for example, is a small nation in eastern Asia that the United States views as a serious threat. The North Korean leadership has built a large army and is attempting to prepare nuclear missiles. The CIA keeps constant watch over North Korean missile sites.7 CIA analysts can examine intercepted messages sent between North Korean leaders and scientists.
美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马任命美国驻阿富汗国际部队负责人戴维·彼得雷乌斯将军（左）为新任中央情报局局长。2010 年 8 月，前国际安全援助部队指挥官、美国陆军将军戴维·H·彼得雷乌斯在阿富汗巴拉莫尔加布与意大利北方特遣部队指挥官马西莫·比亚吉尼上校交谈。
President Barack Obama named General David Petraeus(left), the U.S. head of international forces in Afghanistan, asthe new CIA director. Here U.S. Army General David H. Petraeus, former commander of the International Security Assistance Force, speaks with Colonel Massimo Biagini, commander of the Italian Task ForceNorth, in Bala Morghab,Afghanistan in August, 2010.
朝鲜的邻国中华人民共和国也拥有核武库，尽管规模更大。中国在其沿海地区拥有大型军事基地。福建省的部队准备入侵台湾岛。8名美国中央情报局特工正在实地观察这一活动并收集信息。我们无法确定，但他们有可能与中国士兵交谈或听取平民中的谣言。如果中国决定攻击台湾，美国中央情报局希望知道确切的时间和方式。
North Korea’s neighbor, the People’s Republic of China, also has a nuclear arsenal, albeit a much bigger one. China has large military bases along its seacoasts. Units in the Fujian province are prepared to invade the island of Taiwan.8 CIA agents on the ground are watching this activity and gathering information. We do not know for sure, but there is a chance they may talk to Chinese soldiers or listen for rumors among civilians. If China decides to attack Taiwan, the CIA hopes to know exactly when and how.
另一个危险的爆发点是南亚次大陆。印度和巴基斯坦都是拥有核武器的国家，而且彼此敌对。这两个国家之间曾发生过战争，并相互入侵。美国中央情报局利用卫星和侦察机监视着印度和巴基斯坦之间的漫长边界。特工们正试图收集该地区军队调动的信息。美国希望阻止一场可能演变为核战争的战争。
Another dangerous flash point is the subcontinent of South Asia. India and Pakistan are both nuclear-armed nations, and hostile toward each other. The two nations have fought wars and invaded each other’s territory. Using satellites and reconnaissance aircraft, the CIA is watching the long border between India and Pakistan. Agents are trying to gather information on army maneuvers in the region. The United States wants to deter a war that could possibly go nuclear.
中情局最重要的工作仍然是打击恐怖主义。如果恐怖组织购买或窃取核武器，美国可能会遭受核攻击。因此，中情局正在密切关注和监听。
The most important job in the CIA remains the fight against terrorism. If a terrorist group buys or steals a nuclear weapon, the United States could come under nuclear attack. For this reason, the CIA is watching and listening.
该机构还追踪前苏联的核武器和核材料。它想知道朝鲜（苏联帮助武装的国家）是否正在向恐怖组织出售这些武器。它跟踪银行交易、拦截电子邮件并拍摄恐怖分子训练营的照片。在一个非常隐秘和危险的世界里，中央情报局向联邦政府领导人提供只有间谍才能收集的信息。
The agency also traces nuclear weapons and nuclear material from the former Soviet Union. It wants to know if North Korea, a country the Soviet Union helped arm, is selling these weapons to terrorist groups. It follows bank transactions, intercepts e-mails, and photographs terrorist training camps. In a very secretive and dangerous world, the CIA provides the leaders of the federal government with information that only spies can gather.
4
4
为中央情报局工作
Working for the CIA
中情局荣誉墙是为了纪念所有为该机构服务的殉职中情局特工而建。这面墙位于中情局总部大厅。
The CIA Wall of Honor is a memorial to all of the fallen CIA agents who have served the agency. The wall is located in the lobby of theCIA headquarters.
大约有两万人为中情局工作。每个雇员都必须是美国公民。他们还必须经过一段艰苦的培训和教育。1
About twenty thousand people work for the CIA. Each employee must be an American citizen. They must also go through a tough period of training and education.1
中央情报局在弗吉尼亚州威廉斯堡附近的佩里营开设了一所培训学校。这个地方被称为“农场”。在农场，未来的中央情报局案件官员将学习重要技能。他们学习如何跟踪他人，以及如何避免被跟踪。他们学习如何相互交流。他们还学习如何招募和指挥外国特工。
The CIA operates a training school at Camp Peary, located near Williamsburg, Virginia. This place is known as “The Farm.” At The Farm, future CIA case officers learn important skills. They learn how to follow people, and how to avoid being followed. They learn how to communicate with each other. They also learn how to recruit and command foreign agents.
许多卧底特工都是中央情报局下属国家秘密行动处的成员。这些特工
除了履行特工职责外，还经常要在卧底地区从事日常工作。这样，他们看起来就不那么可疑，也不像局外人。
Many of these undercover agents are part of the National Clandestine Service, a branch of the CIA. These agents often have to work a day job in the area where they are
undercover in addition to doing their duties as an agent. This way, they will look less suspicious and less like an outsider.
中情局的新兵很快就意识到他们必须具备人际交往技能。他们将大部分时间花在与各种各样的人接触上。新兵必须学会如何说服别人为他们工作。作为情报的回报，他们会提供目标人物可能想要的东西——金钱、奢侈品或离开自己国家的机会。
CIA recruits quickly learn that they must have people skills. They will spend most of their time in contact with people of all kinds. The recruits must learn how to convince others to work for them. In return for information, they will offer something the target may want—money, luxury items, or a chance to leave their own country.
曾接受过培训的前特工林赛·莫兰 (Lindsay Moran) 表示：“我们一生的使命就是发现、评估、培养和招募外国间谍。这些外国间谍——用中情局的术语来说就是‘特工’或‘资产’——会
向我们这些负责处理案件的官员出卖机密……我们被教育如何发现任何可能接触到有价值信息的人，并与他们交朋友。” 2
In the words of Lindsay Moran, a former agent who went through the training experience, “Our life’s mission was to spot, assess, develop, and recruit foreign spies. These foreign spies—‘agents’ or ‘assets’ in CIA lingo—would
sell us, their case officers, secrets. . . . we were educated on how to spot and befriend anyone who might have access to valuable information.”2
中情局案件官员的职业生涯取决于这项技能。该机构用一个简单的数字来衡量成功。案件官员招募的特工越多，他的职业生涯就越成功。
The career of a CIA case officer depends on this skill. The agency measures success by a simple number. The more agents a case officer can recruit, the more successful his or her career.
中情局的案件官员在世界各地的外国工作。官方说法是，大多数案件官员为这些国家的美国大使馆工作。但他们的官方工作只是精心策划的掩饰故事的一部分。他们的外交官身份可以保护他们，以防他们被发现从事间谍活动。
CIA case officers work in foreign countries allover the world. Officially, most case officers work for the United States embassy in these countries. But their official job is just part of an elaborate cover story. Their diplomatic status protects them in case they should be caught spying.
大使馆外交官在外国不会被逮捕或起诉。如果他们被发现从事间谍活动，东道国只会将他们遣返回国。他们不能逮捕或监禁他们。只有在核实他们的外交身份时才能拘留他们。
Embassy diplomats are immune from arrest and prosecution in foreign countries. If they are caught spying, the host country will simply send them home. They cannot arrest them or put them in jail. They can only be detained while their diplomatic status is being verified.
如果一名官员被捕并被驱逐出境，其所在国也可能驱逐其所在国的人员。两国可能会继续驱逐间谍一段时间。这就是所谓的“间谍战”。
In the event that an officer is caught and deported, his or her own country may also expel somebody from the host country. The two countries may go on for some time expelling spies. This is known as a “spy war.”
案件官员最基本也是最重要的工作就是招募外国特工。这些特工通常是东道国的本地人。他们有某种工作或政府职位，因此能够获得有价值的信息。
The basic and most important job of a case officer is to recruit foreign agents. These agents are usually natives of the host country. They have some job or government position that gives them access to valuable information.
为了招募外国特工，办案人员必须首先获得广泛的朋友和同事圈子。他或她必须参加各种聚会、社交活动、公共场合、官方会议和会议。然后，办案人员必须确定一个可能愿意从事间谍活动或提供其本国情报的人。
To recruit foreign agents, case officers must first gain a wide circle of friends and associates. He or she must attend parties, social events, public occasions, official meetings, and conferences of all kinds. The officer then must identify a person who may be willing to spy or provide information on his or her own country.
案件官员会熟悉目标人物。他会赢得目标人物的信任和友谊。他或她还会试图发现目标人物的个人习惯、欲望和弱点。在某个时候，案件官员会提出一个提议。他或她要求目标人物收集信息并将其交给中情局，通常是以金钱为交换。
The case officer gets acquainted with his target. He gains the target’s trust and friendship. He or she also tries to discover the target’s personal habits, desires, and weaknesses. At some point, the case officer makes an offer. He or she asks the target to gather information and turn it over to the CIA, usually in exchange for money.
特工合作是出于对金钱的渴望、对刺激的渴望，或者出于对自己政府的反对。他们冒着危险。案件官员可能只会因为从事间谍活动而被开除。被抓对中情局案件官员的职业生涯不利。但特工的风险要大得多。如果被抓，外国特工可能会因与中情局合作而被逮捕、监禁或处决。
Secret agents cooperate out of desire for money, for excitement, or out of opposition to their own government. They take a dangerous risk. A case officer may only be expelled for spying. Getting caught is not good for a CIA case officer’s career. But the agent risks much more. If caught, a foreign agent can be arrested, jailed, or executed for cooperating with the CIA.
并非所有外国特工都忠于他们的中情局上司。有些只是假装合作。事实上，他们只是假装可以接触到机密信息。或者他们忠于他们的东道国。他们将有关中情局及其特工的信息传递给他们的其他上司。他们也可能向中情局上司传递虚假信息。
Not all foreign agents stay loyal to their CIA handlers. Some only pretend to cooperate. In fact, they only pretend to have access to secret information. Or they remain loyal to their host country. They pass information about the CIA and its own agents to their other handlers. They also may pass false information to their CIA handlers.
这些“双重间谍”会干扰和破坏中情局案件调查员的工作。因此，案件调查员必须善于判断一个人的性格和动机。
These “double agents” can disrupt and destroy the work of CIA case officers. That is why a case officer must be an excellent judge of a person’s character and motivation.
当外国特工同意合作时，中情局案件官员会为两人建立一种沟通方式。他们不能使用电话或电子邮件，因为这些方式可能会被拦截。特工必须找到一种更安全的方式将信息（以文件或照片的形式）发送给他的上级。上级必须向特工传达秘密指示。
When a foreign agent agrees to cooperate, the CIA case officer sets up a way for the two to communicate. They cannot use phones or e-mail, which can be intercepted. The agent must find a safer way to send information— in the form of documents or photographs—to his handler. The handler must convey secret instructions to the agent.
有很多不同的方法可以做到这一点。两人可以在公共场合见面时直接将文件交给对方。他们可以交换信封、公文包或购物袋。这样做的最佳地点是公园、体育场或拥挤的公共市场。人群使警察或敌方间谍更难跟踪他们。
There are many different ways to carry this out. The two may pass the documents directly to each other while meeting in public. They may exchange envelopes, briefcases, or shopping bags. The best place to do so is at a public park, a sports stadium, or a crowded public marketplace. The crowd of people makes it harder for the police or enemy spies to follow them.
或者他们可能会使用“秘密信箱”。经手人和代理人安排交换信息，但实际上并不见面。传递文件的人将其放在一个容器中。他将容器放在隐藏的地方。3
Or they may use a “dead drop.” The handler and the agent arrange for an exchange of information without actually meeting. The person passing the document places it in a container. He leaves the container in a hiding place.3
投放点必须从远处就能看到。接收者会勘察投放点，寻找可能在监视的人。如果一切顺利，他或她就会拿起文件并迅速离开。
The drop site must be easy to view from a distance. The receiver surveys the site, looking for anyone who might be watching. If the coast is clear, he or she then picks up the document and quickly leaves.
外国特工的工作是收集信息并保密。他得到中央情报局科学技术局的支持。4该部门负责开发支持情报收集任务的技术。该局为世界各地的特工和办案人员提供摄像机、电脑、监听设备和通讯系统。
The foreign agent’s job is to collect information and keep it secret. He gets support from the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology.4 This department is responsible for creating technology to support intelligence-gathering missions. The directorate provides cameras, computers, listening devices, and communications systems to agents and case officers all over the world.
为了收集信息，特工可以使用微型相机拍照。特工们将这些相机安装在眼镜、笔帽和大衣纽扣上。他们还使用强大的远距离窃听设备来记录对话。
To gather information, the agent can take photographs with tiny cameras. Agents have fitted these cameras in their eyeglasses, in pen caps, and in the buttons on their overcoats. They have also used powerful long-distance listening devices to record conversations.
中情局特工可能会决定“监听”某个房间。他们会在房间里安装监听设备。这些微型设备会嵌入灯具、烟雾探测器、办公设备、盆栽或壁挂中。监听设备还可以放在他们的鞋子、皮带、钱包里——衣服或身上的任何地方。
CIA agents may decide to “bug” a room. They plant listening devices in the room. The tiny devices nest within light fixtures, smoke detectors, office equipment, potted plants, or wall hangings. The listening devices can also be placed in their shoes, their belts, their wallets—anywhere in their clothing or on their person.
收集信息的方法有数百种。其中一些方法非常简单，已经使用了几个世纪。一种设备可以打开信件而不会损坏信封。其他方法则更加高科技。计算机程序可以让中央情报局侵入外国政府的秘密通信和电子邮件。
There are hundreds of other ways to collect information. Some of them are very simple and have been used for centuries. One device opens letters without damaging the envelope. Others methods are more high tech. Computer programs can allow the CIA to hack into a foreign government’s secret communications and e-mail.
秘密投递钉是一种可以让中情局特工隐藏金钱、地图、文件、胶卷或其他物品的装置。这种装置自 20 世纪 60 年代末开始使用，防水防霉，可以埋入地下或浅水区，以便日后取回。
The dead drop spike is a device that allows CIA agents to conceal money,maps, documents, film or other items. In use since the late 1960s, it is waterproof and mildew-proof and can be placed in the ground or a shallow body of water to be retrieved later.
信息是秘密的。特工只认识他们需要认识的人。中情局希望他们不知道其他特工在做什么。中情局的案件官员，即使是在同一个国家工作的官员，也只认识他们处理的特工。只有总部的高级官员知道中情局在一个国家所做的一切。
Information stays secret. Agents only know the people they need to know. The CIA wants them to know nothing of what other agents are doing. CIA case officers, even those working in the same country, only know the agents they are handling. Only top officials at headquarters know everything the CIA is doing in a single country.
1961 年，中情局总部从华盛顿特区迁至弗吉尼亚州兰利市一栋更新、更大的建筑群。总部对外界来说仍然是个秘密。在兰利建筑群中，一栋单独的建筑用于开会和接待客人。在主总部大楼，任何时候都不允许访客进入。安全人员在大厅巡逻。技术安全部门检查每个房间是否有窃听器或窃听设备。“白噪音”机器发出稳定的低音量嗡嗡声。这种嗡嗡声使任何未被发现的窃听器都难以窃听安静的谈话。电脑锁可防止工作人员误入不属于他们的地方。5
In 1961, the CIA headquarters moved from Washington, D.C., to a newer, larger complex in Langley, Virginia. Headquarters remains a secret to the outside world. At the Langley complex, a separate building is used for meetings and to greet guests. In the main headquarters building, there are no visitors allowed at any time. Security officers patrol the halls. The Technical Security Division examines each room for bugs, or listening devices. “White noise” machines create a steady, low-level hum. The hum makes it difficult for any undetected bugs to pick up quiet conversations. Computerized locks prevent the workers from wandering into areas where they do not belong.5
Analyzing Top Secret Information
中情局负责分析情报局 (DOI) 收集的信息。中情局在兰利有数千名 DOI 分析师。每位分析师负责特定国家或地区。
The CIA analyzes information that it gathers within the Directorate of Intelligence (DOI). The CIA has thousands of DOI analysts working at Langley. Each has responsibility for a specific country or area of the world.
中央情报局的分析员必须是外国文化、地理、政府和军队方面的专家。他们必须知道该国经济状况如何。他们必须知道如何讲该国的语言。他们应该知道该国陆军和海军的规模有多大，以及该国拥有多少艘舰船、坦克和军用飞机。
CIA analysts must be experts in the culture, geography, government, and armed forces of a foreign country. They must know how well its economy is doing. They must know how to speak its language. They should know how big its army and navy are, and how many ships, tanks, and military planes the country owns.
这种隐藏小型摄像头的打火机只是中央情报局特工或案件官员用来收集信息的一种设备。
This lighter concealing a small camera is only one type of device that may be used by a CIA agent or case officer to gather information.
分析员的信息来源很多。他们可以利用国家侦察局（NRO）的卫星图片和国家安全局（NSA）截获的电子信息。他们有在国外工作的中情局案件官员的报告。他们可能有侦察机拍摄的照片。他们也可能有来自武装部队或国务院的信息。
Analysts have many sources of information. Theycan use satellite pictures from the National Reconnaissance Office(NRO) and electronic messages intercepted by the National Security Agency (NSA). They have reports from CIA case officers working abroad. They may have photographs taken by surveillance aircraft. They may also have information from the armed forces or the Department of State.
分析员每天都在阅读、查看图像、撰写报告和与上级沟通。他或她必须获取外国特工提供的所有信息。这些信息可能不完整或不准确。它可能是双重间谍提供的一堆谎言。
The analyst spends his or her day reading, looking at images, writing reports, and communicating with superiors. He or she must take all the information provided by foreign agents. The information may be incomplete or inaccurate. It may be a pack of lies provided by a double agent.
分析员必须做出决定。他或她的报告可以帮助政府其他部门（总统、军队、外交官和中央情报局官员）决定如何行动。在许多情况下，这些信息帮助政府高层官员就外交政策做出重要决定。分析员的报告可能有助于防止恐怖袭击，或在外国发动战争。
The analyst has to decide. His or her report helps the rest of the government—the president, the military, diplomats, and CIA officials—decide how to proceed. In many cases, this information has helped top government officials make important decisions on foreign policy. Analysts’ reports may help to prevent terrorist attacks, or start wars in foreign countries.
中央情报局局长（DCIA）是中央情报局的负责人。他与国家情报局局长（DNI）合作，帮助 DNI 从政府所有部门（而不仅仅是中央情报局）收集信息。DNI 就事务和重要新闻向总统提供建议。当海外发生危机时，总统依靠 DNI 向他通报情况。
The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, or DCIA, is at the head of the CIA. He works with the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to help the DNI collect information from all departments of the government, not just the CIA. The DNI advises the president on matters and important news. When a crisis arises overseas, the president relies on the DNI to keep him informed.
位于弗吉尼亚州兰利的现代中央情报局总部。随着中央情报局多年来的发展，大楼也随之扩大。最初的设计实际上包括开放空间，预计该组织将在未来几年内扩大，需要额外的建筑和停车场。自 1991 年以来，该建筑一直保持不变。
Modern day CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia. As the CIA has grown over the years, so has the building. The original design actually included open space with the anticipation that the organization would expand over the years and require additional building and parking.The building has stood the same since 1991.
总统亲自任命中央情报局局长和国家情报总监。候选人在出任这一职位之前必须接受参议院质询。局长候选人必须解释中央情报局在新局长的领导下将如何运作。
The president himself appoints the DCIA and the DNI. Before he or she can take this post, the candidate must go before the Senate to answer questions. The director candidate has to explain how the CIA will operate under its new director.
这是一份复杂的工作。联邦政府内部竞争激烈。其他间谍机构小心翼翼地保护自己的情报。例如，军方监视世界各地的武装部队。但它不想向中情局或任何其他人透露自己所知道的信息。它不想将其行动的控制权交给平民。
It is a complex job. There is a lot of competition within the federal government. Other spy agencies jealously guard their information. The military, for example, spies on armed forces around the world. But it does not want to reveal what it knows to the CIA or anyone else. It does not want to give up control of its operations to civilians.
协调极其重要。在恐怖主义时代尤其如此。如果军事间谍获悉恐怖主义威胁，中央情报局和其他联邦机构也应该知道。信息共享对于阻止恐怖袭击至关重要。在这一任务中，局长有责任确保中央情报局获得并提供所有需要的信息。
Coordination is extremely important. This is especially true in the age of terrorism. If a military spy learns of a terrorist threat, the CIA and other federal agencies should know as well. Information sharing is crucial in stopping a terrorist attack. In this task, it is the director’s responsibility to see that the CIA gets, and gives, all the needed information.
与此同时，总统们也不愿赋予 DCIA 过多权力。正如斯坦斯菲尔德·特纳所说：
At the same time, presidents shy away from giving the DCIA too much power. In the words of Stansfield Turner:
他们不希望任何一个人完全控制特殊信息的使用方式……中情局、国家安全局和陆军情报局在 20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代窥探美国人生活的记录不容忽视。如果某个 DCI 确实滥用这些机构的联合权力，可能会对我们的公民和我们的情报造成不可估量的损害。6
They do not want any one person to have full control over the way in which special information . . . is employed . . . the record of the CIA, the NSA, and Army intelligence in poking into American lives in the 1950s and 1960s cannot be ignored. If some DCI did abuse the combined powers of those agencies, it could cause untold damage to our citizens—and to our intelligence.6
中情局必须小心谨慎地保持平衡，既要收集和分析信息，又要遵守联邦法律。为美国从事间谍活动的人知道他们的行为可能会带来严重后果。这使得为该机构工作成为一项艰难、复杂、危险但又非常有趣的工作。
The CIA must make a careful balance; it must collect and analyze information, but it must also follow federal law. Those who spy for the United States know their actions can have serious consequences. It makes working for the agency a tough, complex, dangerous, yet very interesting job.
5
5
国家安全局
The National Security Agency
哈里·S·杜鲁门是美国第三十三任总统。杜鲁门于 1952 年发布行政命令成立了国家安全局 (NSA)。
Harry S. Truman was the thirty-third president of the United States. Truman created the National Security Agency (NSA) by issuing an executive order in 1952.
美国政府内有多个情报机构（至少 16 个）。各军种负责收集和分析情报。中央情报局（CIA）在世界各地进行间谍活动。但国家安全局（NSA）是规模最大的情报机构，也是最神秘的机构。这就是为什么有人开玩笑说，NSA 的首字母缩写代表“没有这样的机构”。
There are a number of intelligence agencies (at least sixteen) in the United States government. Each branch of the military collects and analyzes intelligence. The CIA spies all over the world. But the National Security Agency is the largest such agency. It is also the most secretive. That is why some people joke that the initials NSA stand for “No Such Agency.”
美国国家安全局于 1952 年 11 月 4 日根据哈里·杜鲁门总统的一项行政命令成立。1其使命是收集任何形式的通信。它窃听各种电子信号，并保护美国政府的绝密通信。
The NSA was established on November 4, 1952, in an executive order written by President Harry Truman.1 Its mission is to collect communications in any form. It eavesdropson electronic signals of all kinds, and it protects the top-secret communications of the United States government.
美国国家安全局的天线和监听设备可以拦截所有形式的通信。这包括无线电广播、互联网通信（包括电子邮件）、微波和卫星传输、电话通话——任何带有电子信号的东西。
NSA antennae and listening devices intercept any and all forms of communications. This includes radio broadcasting, Internet communications (including e-mail), microwave and satellite transmissions, telephone calls—anything with an electronic signal.
和美国中央情报局一样，美国国家安全局也起源于第二次世界大战。1939 年 9 月，欧洲爆发战争。德国进攻了其东部邻国波兰。次年，德国军队横扫西欧。德国轰炸机从空中袭击了伦敦和其他英国城市。
Like the CIA, the NSA has its roots in World War II. In September 1939, war broke out in Europe. Germany attacked Poland, its eastern neighbor. In the next year, German armies swept across western Europe. German bombers attacked London and other British cities from the air.
英国截获了德国人的信息，但这些信息是用密码发送的。德国人使用了一种名为 Enigma 的加密机。该机器使用转子和电路将一个字母替换为另一个字母。
The British intercepted German messages, but the messages were sent in code. The Germans were using an encryption machine known as Enigma. The machine used rotors and electrical circuits to substitute one letter for another.
包括艾伦·图灵在内的英国数学家破解了恩尼格玛密码。2这使他们可以读取德国的绝密信息和作战计划。英国领导人知道敌军的调动情况以及德国舰船和潜艇在海上的位置。
British mathematicians, including Alan Turing, cracked the Enigma codes.2 That allowed them to read Germany’s top secret messages and war plans. British leaders knew about enemy troop movements and the position of German ships and submarines at sea.
英国人知道这些截获的情报是 Ultra，并严格保密。Ultra 信息帮助盟军（美国、英国和其他国家）于 1945 年结束了战争。
The British knew this intercepted intelligence as Ultra, and kept it top secret. Ultra messages helped the Allies (the United States, Great Britain, and others) end the war in 1945.
英国与美国共享了这些信息。美国的密码破译员也在努力工作。在亚洲，日本使用的是另一种称为“紫色”的密码机。这种密码甚至在日本袭击珍珠港之前就被密码学家破解了。3但这次袭击仍然令人意外，因为“紫色”是用于外交密码的。日本没有使用紫色系统发送任何有关军事计划的信息。
Britain shared this information with the United States. United States code breakers were also hard at work. In Asia, Japan was using another cipher machine known as Purple. This code was cracked by cryptographers even before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.3 But the attack still came as a surprise because Purple was used for diplomatic codes. Japan did not send any messages about military plans using the Purple system.
在美国，密码学家将破译的日文信息称为“魔法”。截获的“魔法”信息使他们能够跟踪日本领导人和外交官的计划。但密码破译者并不总是与需要魔法信息的人分享这些信息。魔法信息是绝密的，负责保护珍珠港的人没有收到这些信息。更好的协调可能使军方能够为这次造成近 2,500 人死亡的袭击做好准备。
In the United States, cryptographers knew the decoded Japanese messages as Magic. The intercepted Magic messages allowed them to follow the plans of Japanese leaders and diplomats. But the code breakers did not always share Magic messages with the people who needed them. Magic messages were top secret, and those responsible for protecting Pearl Harbor did not receive them. Better coordination may have allowed the military to prepare for the attack, which killed almost 2,500 people.
美国成功破译了其他几份敌方密码。政府和军方聘用了密码破译专家来监听和解读这些通讯。1949 年，即战争结束四年后，武装部队安全局 (AFSA) 成立。4该机构负责向武装部队情报部门（陆军、海军、空军和海军陆战队）发送或接收的通讯。
The United States was successful at cracking several other enemy codes. The government and the military employed expert code breakers to listen in and interpret these communications.In 1949, four years after the end of the war, the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) was established.4 The agency was responsible for communications sent to, or received by, the intelligence branches of the armed forces—the Army, the Navy, the Air Force and the Marine Corps.
恩尼格玛密码机。二战期间，德国人使用这种编码设备发送秘密信息。虽然破解该机器的编码系统似乎是不可能的——有 150,000,000,000,000,000,000 种可能性——但盟军最终还是破解了它的密码。
The Enigma cipher machine. The Germans used thisencoding instrument for sending secret messages during World War II. While it seemed nearly impossible to break the machine's coding system–there were 150,000,000,000,000,000,000 possibilities–the Allies were eventually able to crack its codes.
武装部队安全局很难协调工作。尽管战争已经结束，但该国仍需要拦截和分析通信。冷战爆发。美国和苏联是对手。1950 年，朝鲜战争爆发。美国军队与韩国并肩作战，对抗朝鲜和共产主义中国，这两个国家都是苏联的盟友。
The Armed Forces Security Agency had difficulty coordinating its work. Although the war was over, the country still needed to intercept and analyze communications. The Cold War had broken out. The United States and the Soviet Union were rivals. In 1950, the Korean War began. The U. S. military fought alongside the South Koreans against North Korea and Communist China, both allies of the Soviet Union.
需要一种更好的方法来收集电子通信。因此，政府于 1952 年成立了国家安全局。国家安全局的工作范围超出了军队，涵盖了联邦政府的所有部门。
A better way of collecting electronic communication was necessary. As a result, the government established the NSA in 1952. The NSA’s work extended beyond the military to include all branches of the federal government.
美国国家安全局与英语国家（加拿大、英国、澳大利亚和新西兰）的其他情报机构协调活动。这被称为“英美集团”。
The NSA coordinated its activities with other intelligence agencies in much of the English-speaking world—in Canada, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. This became known as the UKUSA Group.
20 世纪 60 年代，英美各国联手密谋对付苏联。该组织需要一种共享信息的方式。为此，该组织的成员创建了 ECHELON 系统。5
In the 1960s, the nations of the UKUSA worked together to plot against the Soviet Union. The group needed a way to share information. For this reason, the members of the group created the ECHELON system.5
ECHELON 允许 NSA 和 UKUSA 组织拦截语音、电子通信、无线电和卫星传输。后来，该系统还拦截了电传、传真和互联网流量。在 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代，ECHELON 监听了苏联军事信号。它拦截了海上苏联舰船以及地面苏联坦克和步兵部队的信息。它还监听了世界各地城市的苏联外交官。
ECHELON allowed the NSA and the UKUSA group to intercept voice, electronic communications, radio, and satellite transmissions. Later, the system intercepted telex, faxes, and Internet traffic. In the 1960s and 1970s, ECHELON spied on Soviet military signals. It intercepted messages from Soviet ships at sea, and from Soviet tank and infantry units on the ground. It also spied on Soviet diplomats in cities around the world.
1991 年，苏联解体。共产主义威胁从欧洲和世界其他地区消退。梯队被赋予了新的任务。它负责监视毒贩和恐怖分子。其最重要的功能之一是监听卫星电话。
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. The Communist threat receded from Europe and the rest of the world. ECHELON was given new assignments. It spied on drug dealers and terrorists. One of its most important functions was to listen to satellite phone calls.
英国美国小组的每个成员都被分配到全球某个特定区域进行监视。加拿大负责监听俄罗斯和世界各地的外国大使馆。美国和国家安全局监视拉丁美洲和东亚。英国负责监视欧洲和非洲，澳大利亚监视南亚。新西兰监视太平洋上广阔而分散的岛屿。
Each member of the UKUSA group was assigned a specific area of the world to watch. Canada listens to Russia and to foreign embassies around the world. The United States and the NSA monitor Latin America and eastern Asia. The British are responsible for Europe and Africa, and Australia keeps an eye on southern Asia. New Zealand monitors the vast distances and scattered islands of the Pacific Ocean.
一些英美联盟以外的国家对 ECHELON 系统感到不满。他们对 NSA 及其姊妹机构的工作持怀疑态度。他们认为 NSA 可能在监视他们的公民和企业。人们认为 NSA 可能试图了解严密保密的工业贸易机密，例如秘密制造流程。它可以将这些机密传递给美国境内的私营公司。
Some countries outside the UKUSA alliance are unhappy with the ECHELON system. They are suspicious of the work of the NSA and its sister agencies. They believe that the NSA may be spying on their citizens and their businesses. It is believed that the NSA may be trying to learn closely kept industrial trade secrets, such as secret manufacturing processes. It can pass these secrets on to private companies within the United States.
美国国家安全局否认自己在做这种工作。它声称只对影响美国国家安全的信息感兴趣。但许多人还是会保护自己的通讯。他们使用计算机程序加密电子邮件和其他传输。美国国家安全局努力破解这些密码。
The NSA denies it is doing this kind of work. It claims that it takes interest only in messages that affect the national security of the United States. But many people guard their communications anyway. They use computer programs to encrypt their e-mails and other transmissions. The NSA works hard to crack these codes.
美国国家安全局可以拦截全球任何地方的信息。其分析师将这些拦截的信息分为信号情报 (sigint) 和电子情报 (elint)。该机构在山顶、荒芜的沙漠、海上岛屿和北冰洋的冰冻荒原上都设有监听站。
The NSA can intercept messages anywhere in the world. Its analysts divide these intercepts into signals intelligence (sigint) and electronic intelligence (elint). The agency has listening posts on mountaintops, in barren deserts, on islands at sea, and in the frozen wastes of the Arctic Sea.
美国国家安全局在英格兰约克郡的曼威斯山设有重要的监听站。对于美国的通信，美国国家安全局在华盛顿州的雅基马和西弗吉尼亚州的 Sugar Grove 设有监听站。
The NSA has important listening posts at Menwith Hill in Yorkshire, England. For traffic in the United States, NSA has posts at Yakima, Washington, and Sugar Grove, West Virginia.
这些哨所拥有强大的天线，可以探测到空中传播的任何电子信号。所有这些截获的信息流量都流向位于马里兰州米德堡的国家安全局总部。
These posts have powerful antennae that can detect any kind of electronic signal that is moving through the air. All of this intercepted message traffic flows to NSA headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland.
美国国家安全局不能做的一件事就是监视美国境内的美国公民。一项名为《信号情报指令 18》的法律禁止这种活动。6要监视美国公民，该机构需要获得法院签发的搜查令，该法院已发现有理由授权进行此类监视。特别秘密法庭开会签发或拒绝签发这些搜查令。
One thing the NSA cannot do is spy on United States citizens within the United States. A law known as Signals Intelligence Directive 18 prohibits this activity.6 To monitor United States citizens, the agency needs a warrant issued by a court that has found probable cause to authorize such spying. Special secret courts meet to issue these warrants, or to deny them.
2002 年，乔治·W·布什总统发布行政命令，允许国家安全局窃听该机构认为正在与已知恐怖分子联系的美国公民。如果国家安全局怀疑该人参与恐怖主义活动，则无需搜查令。它可以从电子邮件和私人电话窃听中收集数据。
In 2002, President George W. Bush, in an executive order, allowed the NSA to eavesdrop on United States citizens who the agency believes are contacting known terrorists. The NSA will not need a warrant in the event that it suspects the person is involved in terrorism. It can collect data from e-mails and wiretaps on private telephone calls.
美国国家安全局还可能在公民
与外国公民交谈时对其进行监视。作家詹姆斯·班福德 (James Bamford) 提到：
The NSA may also spy on citizens when they are in a
foreign country speaking with foreign citizens. Author James Bamford relates that:
与美国公民的信息保存时间不能超过一年不同，外国公民的信息可以永久保存。就像印度墨水一样，这个标记可能会永远留在这个人身上。他永远不会被告知他是如何被列入海关黑名单的，是谁把他列入的，为什么他失去了合同——或者更糟的情况。7
Unlike information on United States persons, which cannot be kept longer than a year, information on foreign citizens can be held eternally. As permanent as India ink, the mark may remain with the person forever. He will never be told how he was placed on a customs blacklist, who put him there, why he lost a contract—or worse.7
美国国家安全局拥有庞大的计算机存储系统，拥有数万亿页数据，拥有多台超级计算机和自己的专用计算机系统，并雇佣承包商来设计和维护这些系统。
The NSA has a huge computer storage system. It has trillions of pages of data. It has many supercomputers and specialized computer systems of its own. It hires contractors to design and maintain these systems.
美国国家安全局的预算是秘密，而且没有人知道美国国家安全局到底有多少工作人员。
The budget of the National Security Agency is kept secret. In addition, no one is sure exactly how many people work for the NSA.
美国国家安全局的任务十分繁重。它收集各种形式的电子信息。每天，它都会拦截数百万个手机和卫星电话通话、电子邮件和其他形式的电子通信。如果通信以密码发送，美国国家安全局的任务就是破解密码并翻译信息。
The NSA has a huge job. It collects electronic information in any form. Every day, it intercepts millions of mobile phone and satellite telephone calls, e-mails, and other forms of electronic communication. If communication is sent in code, the NSA has the job of breaking the code and translating the message.
美国国家安全局依赖这样一个事实：许多电话通话都是通过空中传输的。例如，手机通话是通过微波塔中继的。使用合适的设备可以拦截这些通话。
The NSA relies on the fact that many telephone calls move from place to place through the air. Cell phone calls, for example, are relayed via microwave towers. The calls can be intercepted with the right equipment.
这些信息大部分与安全或恐怖主义无关。为了找到重要信息，美国国家安全局需要数千人来操作电脑。它还需要一种方法来过滤普通信息。这是米德堡分析师最重要的工作。
Most of these messages have nothing to do with security or terrorism. In order to find important information, the NSA needs thousands of people to run its computers. It also needs a way to filter out ordinary messages. That is the most important job of the analysts working at Fort Meade.
6
6
拦截与分析
Intercepts and Analysis
马里兰州米德堡国家安全局总部的鸟瞰图。尽管机构员工人数不详，但可以通过其用电量来了解其规模和运作方式。
An aerial view of the National Security Agency headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland. Although the number of agency employees is unknown, one clue into its size and operations can be found by the amount of electricity it uses.
国家安全局的每位分析师都有自己的专长。专长可能是某种语言——泰语、中文或俄语。1其他分析师可能专攻某些军事武器，如喷气式战斗机、坦克或导弹。有些国家安全局分析师专攻经济、媒体、交通和计算机系统。
Each analyst at the NSA has a specialty. The specialty may be a certain language—Thai or Chinese or Russian.1 Other analysts may specialize in certain military weapons, such as jet fighters, tanks, or missiles. There are NSA analysts who specialize in economics, in media, in transportation, and in computer systems.
分析师在自己的办公桌上接收 NSA 卫星或监听设备截获的通信拦截信息。如果有必要，拦截信息会被解码。分析师将拦截信息翻译成英文。在许多情况下，拦截信息并不重要。它们只是普通的对话或信息。它们对美国安全没有影响。
At his or her desk, the analyst receives intercepts of communications captured by NSA satellites or listening devices. The intercepts have been decoded, if necessary. The analyst translates the intercept into English. In many cases, the intercepts have no importance. They are just ordinary conversations or messages. They have no effect on United States security.
在其他情况下，这些信息非常重要。它们可能揭露秘密武器交易或外国政府的军事计划。这些信息可能对美国政府的一个部门至关重要。许多联邦机构都是国家安全局的“客户”。他们要求该机构提供有关他们需要了解的人物、地点或事件的报告。
In other cases, the messages are very important. They may reveal a secret arms deal or the military plan of a foreign government. The information may be vital to an arm of the United States government. Many federal agencies are “customers” of the NSA. They have asked the agency for reports on people, places, or events they need to know about.
如果截获的信息具有重要意义，分析师会写一份详细的报告。报告总结了截获的信息并解释了它的含义。报告的编码取决于其必须保密的程度。还有其他代码显示截获的信息是如何被接收的，以及它的主题是什么。
If the intercept holds any importance, the analyst writes a detailed report. The report summarizes the intercept and explains what it means. The report is coded according to how secret it must remain. There are other codes that show how the intercept was received, and what its subject is.
然后，分析师将报告发送给“客户”——要求提供信息的联邦政府机构。客户可能是中央情报局、国务院、美国陆军或海军，或者白宫。许多联邦机构都有权要求国家安全局提供信息或协助。
The analyst then sends the report to the “customer”—the agency of the federal government that has asked for the information. The customer could be the CIA, the Department of State, the U.S. Army or Navy, or the White House. There are many federal agencies that have the right to ask for NSA information or assistance.
NSA 只向其客户发送报告和摘要。它从不发送拦截信息或任何原始数据。这些数据绝对保密，保存在米德堡的 NSA 大楼内。只有极少数人能看到它们。显示拦截信息的计算机没有互联网连接。NSA 以外的任何人都无法阅读它们。2
The NSA only sends reports and summaries to its customers. It never sends the intercepts or any raw data. These are absolutely secret and are kept within the NSA buildings at Fort Meade. Only a very few people ever see them. The computers that display the intercepts have no Internet connection. Nobody from outside the NSA can read them.2
NSA 分析师可以通过一台普通的办公桌面访问一个非常强大的计算机系统。NSA“内部网”是一个封闭系统，只有机构内部的工作人员才能使用。该系统通过搜索引擎运行。通过输入某些关键词，分析师可以调出过去有关某一主题的报告。
The NSA analyst has access to a very powerful computer system from a simple, ordinary office desktop. The NSA “Intranet” is a closed system, available only to people working within the agency. The system works through a search engine. By entering certain keywords, the analyst can pull up reports from the past concerning a certain subject.
他或她还可以使用编码缩写。NSA 分析师根据其主题用这些代码标记他们的报告。输入缩写会调出有关该特定主题的所有过去报告，但永远不会调出拦截本身。
He or she can also use coded abbreviations. NSA analysts have tagged their reports with these codes according to their subject matter. Entering the abbreviation calls up all the past reports on that particular subject, but never the intercept itself.
拦截的信息是绝密的，即使在国家安全局内部也是如此。翻译是分析师以外的其他人的工作。分析师只能对
拦截的信息进行书面报告，他们不能转述文本。
The intercept is top secret, even within the NSA. Translating it is the job of people working apart from the analysts. The analysts can only make a written report on the
intercept—they cannot relay the text.
美国国家安全局使用关键词来拦截通信。全世界每天都会发出数十亿个电话和电子邮件。美国国家安全局的计算机会搜索这些通信中的特定词语或名称。
The NSA uses keywords for intercepting communications. There are billions of phone calls and e-mail messages sent every day, all over the world. The NSA computers are searching these communications for certain words or names.
例如，当电子邮件中出现上述任何名称或词语时，NSA 计算机就会标记该邮件。例如，任何邮件标题中包含“奥萨马·本·拉登”等通缉恐怖分子的电子邮件都可能被 NSA 截获并下载。如有必要，该电子邮件会被翻译。如果分析师在电子邮件中发现重要信息，他或她会将其总结成一份报告，并将其发送给 NSA 的客户——可能是 FBI。
When any of those names or words are used in an e-mail, for example, the NSA computer tags the message. Any e-mail with a wanted terrorist such as“Osama bin Laden” in its subject line, for example, is likely to be intercepted and downloaded by the NSA. The e-mail is translated if necessary. If the analyst finds vital information within the e-mail, he or she will summarize it in a report and send it to an NSA customer—perhaps the FBI.
联邦调查局和其他执法机构依靠国家安全局的报告来查找和追踪犯罪嫌疑人。他们还可以利用该机构监视与这些嫌疑人有关的任何人。某些群体也可以成为目标。目标是了解某些人之间说的每一句话，并以此来防止犯罪活动。
The FBI and other law-enforcement agencies rely on NSA reports to find and track criminal suspects.They can also use the agency to monitor anyone associated with these suspects. Certain groups canbe targeted as well. The goal is to know everythingthat certain people are saying to each other, and in this way, to prevent criminal activity.
位于米德堡的美国国家安全局总部本身就是一座城市，员工们称之为“加密城”。加密城有 50 栋建筑、325 英亩土地和 17,000 个停车位。约有四万人在那里工作，比中央情报局和联邦调查局所有员工的总和还多。
The NSA headquarters at Fort Meade is a city in itself—“Crypto City,” as employees call it. There are 50 buildings in Crypto City, 325 acres of land, and 17,000 parking spaces. About forty thousand people work there—more than all the employees of the CIA and FBI combined.
国家安全局的所有行动都是绝密的，公众不得进入。国家安全局用铁丝网、警卫室、大批警察和炸弹嗅探犬保护其园区。只有一条路通往国家安全局总部。它被严密保护，以防止任何外来者闯入。
All of the NSA’s operations are top secret and off-limits to the public. The NSA protects its campus with barbed-wire fences, guardhouses, a large police force, and bomb-sniffing dogs. There is only one road leading to NSA headquarters. It is carefully guarded against any trespass by outsiders.
在 Crypto City，员工可以享受到许多便利设施。这里有杂货店、药店、健身中心、日托中心、垒球场和电影院。这里有数百个社交俱乐部，适合那些对音乐、戏剧、视频游戏、游艇、旅行或圣经学习感兴趣的人。3
Within Crypto City, employees have manyconveniences available to them. There are grocerystores, drugstores, fitness centers, day-care centers,softball fields, and movie theaters. There are hundreds of social clubs for those interested in music,theater, video games, yachting, travel, or Bible study.3
为了防止有人监视美国国家安全局，这些建筑都用多层铜板保护起来。铜板可以防止电子信号从计算机和通讯设备所在的建筑中泄露出去。
To prevent anyone from spying on the NSA, the buildings are protected with layers of copper sheets. The copper prevents electronic signals from escaping the buildings where computers and communications equipment are working.
每位员工脖子上都佩戴一个塑料徽章。徽章必须始终佩戴在身上。徽章上印有员工的照片。徽章上的颜色、设计和字母显示了员工的安全权限。
Each employee wears a plastic badge around his or her neck. The badge must be on display at all times. The badge carries a photograph of the employee. The color, design, and letters on the badge show the employee’s security clearance.
武装警卫会在每个人通过安全检查站时检查他们的徽章。访客佩戴一个带有黑色大“V”字的徽章，并且必须始终与佩戴“E”（意为“陪同”）徽章的人同行。
Armed guards check the badges of everyone as they pass through security checkpoints. Visitors wear a badge with a large black “V” and must always walk with someone with an “E”—meaning “escort”—badge.
蓝色徽章意味着员工获得了最高机密权限。他或她可以阅读非常敏感的报告并处理最高机密的拦截系统。但要获得蓝色徽章，国家安全局员工必须通过一系列严格的考试。包括背景调查、测谎仪测试和详细的简报。佩戴蓝色徽章的特权随时可能被剥夺。
A blue badge means the employee has won top secret clearance. He or she can read very sensitive reports and deal with top secret intercept systems. But to win a blue badge, an NSA employee must pass a series of tough examinations. There is a background check, a polygraph (lie-detector) test, and a detailed briefing. At any time, the privilege of wearing a blue badge can be taken away.
国家安全局有数百种不同的工作。有些工作需要多年的经验和技术专长。其他工作只需要熟练掌握一门外语。4
The National Security Agency has hundreds of different jobs. Some of them require years of experience and technical expertise. Others require only a good knowledge of a foreign language.4
语言或语音分析师负责翻译和分析文件。美国国家安全局已经培训了大约一百种不同语言的分析师，以及大约十几种不同的阿拉伯语方言。虽然许多人在高中学习法语或西班牙语，但其他语言在美国并不那么为人所知。
A language or voice analyst translates and analyzes documents. The NSA has trained analysts in about onehundred different languages, as well as about a dozen different dialects of Arabic. While many people study French or Spanish in high school, other languages are much less commonly known in the United States.
这是日本人在二战前和二战期间使用的“紫色”B 型密码开关的一部分。美国密码分析员将其命名为“紫色”，因为所有破解其密码的工作都保存在紫色文件夹内。
Part of the "Purple" Type B Cipher Switch that was used by the Japanese before and during WWII. United States cryptanalysts gave it the codename "Purple" because all work to crack its code was keptin purple colored binders.
例如，能够听懂冰岛语或普什图语对话的语音分析师对国家安全局来说非常有价值。该机构的语言分析师还精通科萨语、乌兹别克语、林加拉语、帕皮阿门托语、哈萨克语、柏柏尔语、巴斯克语、阿姆哈拉语和伊洛卡诺语等方言。
A voice analyst able to listen to and understand a conversation in Icelandic or Pashto, for example, is valuable to the NSA. Language analysts at the agency are also fluent in dialects such as Xhosa, Uzbek, Lingala, Papiamento, Kazakh, Berber, Basque, Amharic, and Ilocano.
密码语言学家将语言学知识应用于密码学。他们对某些语言的语法、句法和词汇有着深入的了解。他们利用这些模式来理解加密信息。
Cryptologic linguists apply their knowledge of linguistics to cryptology. They have a deep knowledge of the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of certain languages. They use these patterns to understand coded messages.
信号分析师试图了解某个特定来源使用电子通信的方式和原因。信号模式为了解该来源使用的设备类型提供了重要线索，并有助于其他分析师破译密码。
A signals analyst tries to understand how and why a certain source is using electronic communications. The pattern of the signals gives important clues to the kind of equipment the source is using, and helps other analysts to break codes.
美国国家安全局有几种不同类型的信号分析师。摩尔斯电码收集员只处理使用摩尔斯电码或其他电码的通信。多模收集员处理电磁信号，例如通过电话或微波发送的信号。
There are several different kinds of signals analysts working at the NSA. Morse code collectors only deal with communications using Morse or other codes. Multimode collectors handle electromagnetic signals, such as those sent by telephone or microwave.
有计算机分析师、数学家、软件工程师和信息安全专家。这些人帮助开发供美国政府使用的代码。还有测谎仪专家，他们帮助开发和使用测谎设备。美国国家安全局对安全非常谨慎——无论是机构内部还是整个联邦政府。
There are computer analysts, mathematicians, software engineers, and Infosec (information security) experts. These men and women help develop codes for use by theUnited States government. There are also polygraph experts, people who help develop and use lie-detection equipment. The NSA is very careful about security—both within the agency and for the federal government as a whole.
7
7
联邦调查局的历史
The History of the FBI
J. 埃德加·胡佛是联邦调查局的第一任局长。1924 年，他被任命为调查局局长（联邦调查局的前身），并在 1935 年创建联邦调查局时发挥了重要作用，并一直担任局长直至 1972 年去世。
J. Edgar Hoover was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935,where he remained director until his death in 1972.
1934 年 7 月 22 日，一个炎热的夏夜，芝加哥的 Biograph 剧院。电影《曼哈顿情节剧》正在放映。人们从剧院门口漫步到人行道上。其中也许包括美国最臭名昭著的黑帮老大：约翰·迪林杰。1
It was a hot summer night on July 22, 1934, at Chicago’s Biograph Theater. The movie Manhattan Melodrama was letting out. People were strolling from the theater doors onto the sidewalk. Among them was perhaps the most infamous gangster in the nation: John Dillinger.1
调查局的人已经就位。他们包围了剧院。“G-Men”（政府人员的简称）向迪林杰大喊。他没有投降，而是逃进了一条黑暗的小巷。迪林杰在枪林弹雨中倒下了。G-Men 抓到了他们要抓的人。对于调查局和国家“头号警察” J. 埃德加·胡佛来说，这是一个重要的日子。
Men from the Bureau of Investigation were in place. They had the theater surrounded. The “G-Men” (short for “government men”) called out to Dillinger. Instead of surrendering, he took flight up a dark alley. Dillinger fell in a hail of bullets. The G-Men had gotten their man. It was an important day for the Bureau of Investigation and the nation’s “top cop,” J. Edgar Hoover.
The Red Scare and “Palmer Raids”
胡佛担任该局局长已有十多年。他在 1918 年第一次世界大战结束后声名鹊起。他擅长收集信息。他正在把该局打造成美国最大、最好的执法机构。
Hoover had been head of the bureau for more than ten years. He made his reputation after World War I, which ended in 1918. He had a talent for collecting information. He was building the bureau into the nation’s biggest and best law enforcement agency.
第一次世界大战结束后的几年里，红色恐慌席卷了美国。俄国的一场由“红色分子”（共产党）领导的革命吓坏了很多人。他们相信美国可能会发生另一场革命。
In the years that followed World War I, a Red Scare hit the United States. A revolution in Russia, led by “Reds” (Communists), frightened many people. They believed another revolution could happen in the United States.
许多人被怀疑是“红色分子”。其中一些嫌疑人是试图组织工会的劳工领袖。其他人是来自南欧的移民。事实上，很少有人是共产党员。
Many people were suspected as “Reds.” Some of the suspects were labor leaders trying to organize unions. Others were immigrants from southern Europe. Very few were, in fact, Communists.
1919 年 6 月的一个晚上，炸弹袭击了政府领导人和商人的家。其中一枚炸弹在司法部长 A. Mitchell Palmer 的家门口爆炸。2
On one evening in June 1919, bombs arrived at the homes of government leaders and businessmen. One of the bombs exploded on the doorstep of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.2
惊恐万分的帕尔默下令全国大扫荡。警方和司法部特工逮捕了数百人。在“帕尔默大扫荡”期间，警方将这些嫌疑人关进监狱，没有对他们提出任何犯罪指控。他们准备将他们驱逐出美国。
The frightened Palmer ordered a national sweep.Police and agents from the Department of Justice arrested hundredsof people. During the “Palmer Raids,” the police threw these suspects in jail without charging them with a crime. They prepared to deport them from the United States.
帕尔默需要信息来协助这项工作。他需要姓名、地址和证据来对付红军嫌疑犯。为了收集这些信息，他成立了总情报处（GID）。GID 隶属于司法部。
Palmer needed information to help this effort. He needed names, addresses, and evidence to use against the suspected Reds. To collect that information, he set up the General Intelligence Division, or GID. The GID was a part of the Department of Justice.
帕尔默任命 J. 埃德加·胡佛为 GID 的第一任主任。胡佛当时在调查局 (BOI) 工作，这是一支成立于 1908 年的小型联邦警察部队。3调查局负责调查“白领”犯罪。其中包括欺诈、伪造和挪用公款。
Palmer named J. Edgar Hoover as the first director of the GID. Hoover was working inside the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), a small federal police force that was founded in 1908.3 The BOI investigated “white collar” crimes. These included fraud, forgery, and embezzlement.
许多政府官员和普通民众都反对帕尔默突袭行动。他们认为，在没有指控犯罪的情况下逮捕人是不公平的。他们反对强迫这些人离开美国。
Many government officials and ordinary citizens opposed the Palmer Raids. They did not think it was fair to arrest people without charging them with a crime. They opposed forcing these people out of the country.
红色恐慌逐渐平息。司法部长帕尔默预测 1920 年五一劳动节将爆发革命。这一预测未能成真。但胡佛和 GID 幸存了下来。与此同时，胡佛收集了大量信息。
The Red Scare died down. Attorney General Palmer predicted a revolution on May Day 1920. The prediction failed to come true. But Hoover and the GID survived. Meanwhile, Hoover had collected an enormous amount of information.
在沃伦·哈定总统执政期间（1921 年至 1923 年），胡佛成为调查局副局长。他帮助调查局局长威廉·J·伯恩斯收集信息，用于对付哈定的政治敌人。4 1923年夏天，哈定去世后，伯恩斯被解雇。
During the administration of President Warren Harding, who served from 1921 to 1923, Hoover became assistant chief of the BOI. He helped the bureau’s chief, William J. Burns, to collect information to use against Harding’s political enemies.4 After the death of Harding in the summer of 1923, Burns was fired from his job.
斯坦利·W·芬奇是第一个强烈呼吁在美国司法部内设立调查小组的人。1908 年，美国成立了一支特工部队，后来被称为调查局 (BOI)，芬奇先生被任命为局长。
Stanley W. Finch was the first to strongly call for the creation of an investigative squad within the U.S. Department of Justice. When a Special Agent force was established in 1908, later called the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), Mr. Finch was assigned its director.
1924 年 5 月 10 日，J. 埃德加·胡佛被任命为调查局新局长。他承诺要管理一个专业组织。“特工”因其专业性、整洁性和对细节的关注而被聘用。调查局成功抓获了许多黑帮和普通罪犯。
J. Edgar Hoover was named the new chief of the BOI on May 10, 1924. He promised to run a professional organization. “Special agents” were hired for their professionalism, neatness, and attention to detail. The BOI was successful in catching many gangsters and ordinary criminals.
在胡佛的领导下，该局赢得了更好的声誉。1932 年，该局成立了科学犯罪侦查实验室。这成为世界上最先进的犯罪实验室。它采用了现代刑事调查技术，包括笔迹分析和指纹识别。
The agency earned a better reputation under Hoover’s leadership. In 1932, the bureau established its Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory. This became the most up-to-date crime lab in the world. It used modern techniques of criminal investigation, including handwriting analysis and fingerprinting.
1933 年 6 月 17 日上午，三名歹徒聚集在密苏里州堪萨斯城联合车站入口附近。弗农·米勒、亚当·里切蒂和查尔斯·“漂亮男孩”·弗洛伊德打算从警方手中救出他们的同志弗兰克·纳什。纳什从莱文沃思监狱越狱。警方已将他抓获，并正用火车将他送回堪萨斯城。
On the morning of June 17, 1933, three gangsters gathered near the entrance to Union Station in Kansas City, Missouri. Vernon Miller, Adam Richetti, and Charles “Pretty Boy” Floyd meant to free their comrade, Frank Nash, from the police. Nash had escaped from Leavenworth Prison. Police had captured him and were bringing him by train back to Kansas City.
匪徒发现纳什被调查局特工拘押。他们开枪打死三名堪萨斯城警察和两名调查局特工。纳什也在枪战中丧生。5
The gangsters spotted Nash in custody of Bureau of Investigation agents. They opened fire, killing three Kansas City policemen and two BOI agents. Nash also died in the shoot-out.5
“堪萨斯城屠杀”促使 J. 埃德加·胡佛宣布全国“打击犯罪”。联邦政府通过了新的法律来提供帮助。绑架、银行抢劫和跨州运输赃物都属于联邦犯罪。调查局有权调查这些犯罪。1935 年，该局更名为联邦调查局，简称 FBI。
The “Kansas City Massacre” inspired J. Edgar Hoover to declare a national “war on crime.” The federal government passed new laws to help. Kidnapping, bank robbery, and transportation of stolen property across state lines became federal crimes. The BOI had the authority to investigate them. In 1935, the bureau was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.
查尔斯“漂亮男孩”弗洛伊德是美国联邦调查局历史上最受通缉的罪犯之一。
Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd was one of the most wanted criminals in the history of the FBI.
联邦调查局及其特工打击了 20 世纪 30 年代大萧条期间发生的犯罪浪潮。联邦调查局使用新旧技术进行调查。他们使用房间窃听器、入室盗窃、电话窃听以及拦截邮件和电报。
The FBI and its G-men fought a crime wave that took place during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The FBI used old and new techniques for investigation. They used room bugs, break-ins, wiretaps on telephones, and the interception of mail and telegrams.
尽管这些方法是非法的，但联邦调查局还是在未经目标许可的情况下使用了这些方法。后来，在 1940 年，富兰克林·罗斯福总统将这种秘密（隐藏）监视合法化。6第二次世界大战在欧洲进行，罗斯福认为在战争时期这是必要的。
The FBI used these methods despite the fact that they were illegal without gaining the permission of the target. Then, in 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt made such covert (hidden) surveillance legal.6 World War II was under way in Europe, and Roosevelt believed it was necessary in a time of war.
第二次世界大战期间，胡佛经营着一个国内间谍网，监视可疑的德国和日本同情者。这些人居住在美国，据信支持这些国家的战争努力。联邦调查局的间谍在工厂和军队中工作。联邦调查局还负责战时媒体审查。
During World War II, Hoover ran a domestic spy ring that kept tabs on suspected German and Japanese sympathizers. These were people who lived in America and were believed to support the war efforts of those countries. FBI spies worked in factories and within the military. The FBI was also responsible for wartime media censorship.
1949 年，胡佛开始编制“十大通缉犯”名单。这是 FBI 抓捕危险罪犯最有效的工具之一。该名单允许公众协助抓捕罪犯。FBI“十大通缉犯”名单仍然有效，Semion Mogilevich 也位列其中。他因电信诈骗、RICO 阴谋、邮件诈骗和洗钱等罪名被通缉。7
In 1949, Hoover began the “Ten Most Wanted” list. This is one of the most effective tools the FBI has for catching dangerous criminals. The list allows the public to assist in catching criminals. The FBI “Ten Most Wanted” list is still in effect, with Semion Mogilevich among the criminals on the list. He is wanted for fraud by wire, RICO conspiracy, mail fraud and money laundering among other crimes. 7
当时担任伊斯兰激进组织基地组织头目的奥萨马·本·拉登一直位居榜首，直到 2011 年 5 月 2 日星期一，他在巴基斯坦被美国特种部队击毙。这次行动代号为“海王星之矛行动”，由美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马下令，由美国中央情报局 (CIA) 的联合特种作战司令部美国海军特种作战发展大队的海豹突击队执行，并得到美国中央情报局地面特工的支持。
Osama bin Laden, then head of the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, lead the list until he was killed in Pakistan on Monday, May 2, 2011, by a United States special operations military unit. The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation by a team of United States Navy SEALs from the United State Naval Special Warfare Development Group of the Joint Special Operations Command, with support from CIA operatives on the ground.
联邦调查局现在有权调查 200 多种不同的联邦犯罪。但其首要任务是反恐。2002 年通过的《美国爱国者法案》允许联邦调查局使用新方法调查恐怖阴谋。8
The FBI now has the authority to investigate more than two hundred different federal crimes. But its top priority is counterterrorism. The USA Patriot Act, passed in 2002, allows the FBI to use new methods of investigation against terror plots.8
FBI 特工可以追踪美国国内和国外的嫌疑人。他们得到了国家安全局的帮助。国家安全局的超级计算机和卫星可以拦截电子信号——电子邮件、电话和无线电传输。国家安全局的分析师还可以翻译和报告这些信息。这些信息可供政府内部的“客户”使用，包括 FBI。
FBI agents can track suspects in the United States and abroad. For this task, they have the help of the National Security Agency. NSA super computers and satellites can intercept electronic signals—e-mails, telephone calls, and radio transmissions. NSA analysts can also translate and report on these messages. This information is available to “customers” within the government, including the FBI.
联邦调查局也可以进行搜查。如果怀疑某人参与了恐怖主义阴谋，联邦调查局必须申请法院搜查令。如果联邦调查局说服法官有充分理由怀疑某人参与了恐怖主义阴谋，法官将签发搜查令。搜查令允许特工进入并搜查私人住宅。特工将寻找武器、爆炸物、移动电话和电脑。他们还将搜索录音带、录像带、电脑磁盘、笔记本、信件、日记和录音机。根据他们发现的情况，他们可能会逮捕嫌疑人。
The FBI can also conduct searches. If it suspects someone is involved with a terrorist plot, the FBI must request a court warrant. If the FBI persuades the judge that there is good reason to suspect that someone is involved in a terrorist plot, a judge will issue a search warrant. The warrant allows agents to enter and search a private home. Agents will look for weapons, explosives, mobile telephones, and computers. They will also search for audio tapes, videotapes, computer disks, notebooks, letters, diaries, and tape recorders. Based on what they find, they may make an arrest.
特工可能会因涉嫌恐怖活动而逮捕某人。或者，他们可能会带来“重要证人”。这样的证人虽然本身不是犯罪嫌疑人，但可能掌握有关犯罪嫌疑人的有用信息。
The agents may arrest someone on suspicion of terrorist activity. Or, they may bring in a “material witness.” Such a witness, though not a suspect him or herself, may have useful information about criminal suspects.
联邦调查局与其他联邦机构（包括中央情报局和国防部）协调行动。根据《美国爱国者法案》，这些机构应该共享有价值的信息。这将使联邦调查局特工清楚地了解其他调查人员知道什么以及正在做什么。
The FBI coordinates its efforts with other federal agencies, including the CIA and the Department of Defense. Under the USA Patriot Act, these agencies are supposed to share valuable information. This will give FBI agents a clear picture of what other investigators know and are doing.
9/11 袭击改变了联邦调查局、中央情报局和国家安全局的工作重点。联邦调查局已将大约一半的特工派往反恐斗争。中央情报局和联邦调查局局长几乎每天都向总统汇报这一问题。为了完成这项任务，该局在其打击犯罪的武器库中配备了许多新武器。
The 9/11 attacks changed the priorities of the FBI, as well as the CIA and the NSA. The FBI has assigned about half of all its special agents to the fight against terrorism. The directors of the CIA and FBI report to the president nearly every day on the subject. To carry out this assignment, the bureau has many new weapons in its crime-fighting arsenal.
8
8
联邦调查局如何运作
How the FBI Works
雄伟的埃德加·胡佛联邦调查局大楼位于华盛顿特区宾夕法尼亚大道，由杰拉尔德·福特总统于 1975 年正式揭幕。大楼建筑面积达 280 万平方英尺，可容纳七千多名员工。
The imposing J. Edgar Hoover FBI Building on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., was officially dedicated by President Gerald R. Ford in 1975. Its 2.8 million square feet of floor space houses more than seven thousand employees.
华盛顿特区宾夕法尼亚大道上矗立着宏伟的埃德加·胡佛大楼。每天有数千人来这座大楼上班。联邦调查局总部收集来自世界各地的信息。联邦调查局高级官员负责监督最重要的案件。
Along Pennsylvania Ave. in Washington, D.C., stands the massive J. Edgar Hoover Building. Thousands of people come to work in this building every day. At headquarters, the FBI collects information from around the world. Top FBI officials oversee the most important cases.
总部的安保措施十分严格。走廊和大楼的整个侧翼都装了密码锁。为了通过某些屏障，特工必须使用视网膜或指纹扫描仪。扫描仪会比较他们眼睛中的血管图案或指纹，以识别他们。
Security is tight at headquarters. Combination locks protect corridors and entire wings of the building. To pass through some barriers, agents must use a retinal or fingerprint scanner. The scanner compares the pattern of blood vessels in their eyes or their fingerprints to identify them.
联邦调查局的分析员以多种不同的方式收集和使用信息。他们追踪犯罪嫌疑人。他们为新犯罪案件的嫌疑人建立“档案”。档案显示嫌疑人的年龄、外貌、举止和思维方式。档案有助于联邦调查局找到并逮捕嫌疑人。
Analysts at the bureau collect and use information in many different ways. They track suspected criminals. They build “profiles” of suspects in new crimes. A profile shows the suspect’s age, physical appearance, manners, and way of thinking. The profile helps the FBI to find and arrest the suspect.
联邦调查局还收集
反恐情报。分析人员将情报发送给国土安全部和中央情报局。联邦调查局特工还追捕在美国境内收集情报的外国间谍。
The FBI also collects information in the fight against
terrorism. Analysts send the information to the Department of Homeland Security and the Central Intelligence Agency. FBI agents also track down foreign spies working to gather information inside the United States.
该局还负责处理涉及生产或运输非法毒品的案件。联邦调查局特工追踪毒品运输并逮捕走私者和毒贩。暴力犯罪、白领犯罪、有组织犯罪团伙以及在美国工作的外国间谍也受到该局的关注。
The bureau also deals with cases involving the production or transport of illicit drugs. FBI agents track drug shipments and arrest smugglers and dealers. Violent crimes, white-collar crimes, organized criminal gangs, and foreign spies working in the United States also get the bureau’s attention.
正在接受培训的 FBI 特工。
FBI agent in training.
联邦调查局特工在弗吉尼亚州匡蒂科的联邦调查局学院开始他们的职业生涯。联邦调查局学院建在华盛顿特区南部美国海军陆战队匡蒂科营地的场地上。联邦调查局于 1972 年 5 月开始在现有建筑内开展工作。1
Bureau agents begin their careers at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The FBI Academy was built on the grounds of the U.S. Marine Corps Camp Quantico base, south of Washington, D.C. The FBI began operating out of the current structure in May 1972.1
联邦调查局没有透露培训期有多长，但据信培训期在 16 到 21 周之间。在此期间，一些执法经验很少甚至没有经验的人将成为联邦调查局特工。他们准备调查最严重的犯罪，学习如何伪装和卧底工作。他们变得更擅长使用和射击枪支。他们还学习了联邦调查局特工需要知道的许多规则和规定。
The FBI will not say how long the training period lasts, but it is believed to be between sixteen and twenty-one weeks. In that time, people, some with little or no law-enforcement experience, become FBI agents. They prepare to investigate the most serious crimes, learn how to wear disguises, and work undercover. They become better at handling and shooting firearms. They also learn the many rules and regulations an FBI agent needs to know.
训练的很大一部分是为应对困难和危险的情况做准备。特工们练习与罪犯和目击者接触。他们还学习到达犯罪现场后该做什么。
A big part of training is preparing for difficult and dangerous situations. Agents practice encounters with criminals and witnesses. They also learn what to do when they reach the scene of a crime.
该学院拥有普通大学校园的一切设施。它有游泳池、健身房、免费餐厅、洗衣房和商店。
The academy has everything an average college campus has. It has a swimming pool, a gym, a cafeteria where the food is free, a laundry, and a store.
要申请联邦调查局的工作，美国公民必须年满 23 至 37 岁。他们必须拥有四年制大学学位。他们还必须接受背景调查，以查明他们是否曾犯过严重罪行。
To apply for a job with the FBI, a United States citizen must be between the ages of twenty-three and thirty-seven. They must have a four-year college degree. They also have to go through a background check, which will discover if they have ever been convicted of a serious crime.
竞争非常激烈。每年有多达一万五千人参加联邦调查局的入学考试，但只有大约五百人被录取。联邦调查局需要的是全身心投入工作的人。联邦调查局的一位官员劳伦斯·A·邦尼 (Lawrence A. Bonney) 这样说道：
Competition is tough. As many as fifteen thousand people take the FBI entrance examination each year, but only about five hundred are accepted. The FBI wants people who are totally dedicated to the job. One FBI official, Lawrence A. Bonney, put it like this:
如果你在这里……待上三四年，然后出去找一份高薪工作，在职位后面加上一个绰号“前联邦调查局特工”，那么就不要浪费我们的时间，也不要浪费你的时间。我们需要对美国忠诚、相信美国所代表的立场和理想的人。我们需要能够有所作为、具有使命感的人，我们需要相信真理、正义和美国方式的人，尽管这听起来有些俗气。2
If you’re here . . . to stay three or four years and go out and get yourself a high-paying job, with a little moniker at the end that says ‘former FBI agent,’ don’t waste our time, don’t waste your time. We want folks who are committed to the United States of America and believe in what it stands for, and in its ideals. We want people who will make a difference, who have a sense of mission, and we want people who believe in truth, justice, and the American way, as hokey as that sounds.2
联邦调查局设有 56 个外地办事处。这些办事处是当地办事处，特工负责处理案件、收集信息和追踪嫌疑人。特工与当地警方合作，破获该地区发生的严重犯罪。每个外地办事处都有一名特工主管 (SAC) 负责。
The FBI runs fifty-six field offices. These are local offices where agents handle cases, collect information, and track suspects. The agents work with local police to solve serious crimes that take place in the area. A Special Agent in Charge (SAC) runs each field office.
每个外勤办公室都设有一个通讯室，技术人员在那里操作电话和视频监视器。每个办公室都有一个武器库，里面存放着霰弹枪、机关枪、防弹衣和弹药。每个办公室都有一个 SWAT（特殊武器和战术）小组办公室。还有一个监控办公室，负责管理所有嫌疑人追踪工作。
Each field office has a communications room, where technicians operate telephones and video monitors. Each has a weapons vault, where shotguns, machine guns, body armor, and ammunition are kept. Each has an office for a SWAT (special weapons and tactics) team. There is a surveillance office that manages all suspect-tracking.
楼下是局车的车库。“bucar”是没有标志的车辆。它们是大型四门汽车，配有大马力发动机。车内有手机、公共广播系统、双向加密无线电和猎枪架。
Downstairs is the garage for bureau cars. The “bucars” are unmarked vehicles. They are large, four-door cars with high-horsepower engines. Inside, the cars have cell phones, public-address systems, two-way encrypted radios, and a rack for shotguns.
除了外地办事处外，还有大约四百个较小的联邦调查局办事处，称为常驻机构。其中一些机构规模非常小。一个常驻机构可能只有一名联邦调查局特工。但所有常驻机构都发挥着重要作用。
In addition to the field offices, there are about four hundred smaller FBI offices known as resident agencies. Some of them are very small. A resident agency may have only one FBI agent. But all resident agencies serve an important purpose.
FBI 情报分析师 JD Narula 最近在新泽西州锡克教寺庙举行的 FBI 社区关系执行研讨会 (CREST) 活动上发表了讲话。超过 55 名年轻人和 10 名寺庙领导参加了此次活动，活动内容包括 FBI 行动、仇恨犯罪、招募、证据响应小组、K-9 部队、反间谍和特工自卫策略。
FBI intelligence analyst JD Narula spoke recently at an FBI Community Relations Executive Seminar Training (CREST) event held at a Sikh temple in New Jersey. More than 55 youth and 10 temple leaders attended the event, which included presentations on FBI operations, hate crimes, recruitment, the Evidence Response Team, K-9 units, counterintelligence, and agent self-defense tactics.
常驻机构负责调查较小社区的犯罪事件。他们与当地警察合作。他们通常是第一个到达重要犯罪现场的人，而这些犯罪事件将成为联邦调查局的案件。
The resident agencies investigate crimes in smaller communities. They work with local police officers. They are often the first to reach the scene of an important crime that will become an FBI case.
美国每平方英里至少有一名联邦调查局特工负责。常驻特工向最近的外地办事处报告。外地办事处的 SAC 向他们下达指示和命令。
Every square mile of the United States has at least one FBI agent assigned to cover it. The resident agents report to their nearest field office. The SAC at the field office gives them instructions and orders.
联邦调查局在国外也有办事处。这些法律专员或“Legats”负责调查针对美国的犯罪行为。他们与当地警方协调调查工作。他们还追踪恐怖分子嫌疑人。
The FBI also has offices in foreign countries. These Legal Attaches, or “Legats,” investigate crimes against the United States. They coordinate investigation work with local police. They also track suspected terrorists.
FBI 特警部队的成员有时会面临很大的危险。
Members of the FBI SWAT teams are sometimes in great danger.
除华盛顿特区、洛杉矶和纽约市最大的外地办事处外，每个外地办事处均由一名特工主管负责监督。这些大型办事处由一名助理主任负责管理。
A Special Agent in Charge oversees each field office, except for the largest field offices, in Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, and New York City. These large offices are under the control of an assistant director.
SAC 将案件分配给特工。特工和一名或多名合伙人负责调查案件。他或她寻找线索，追查线索，并与当地执法部门合作抓捕和逮捕罪犯。
The SAC assigns cases to the special agents. The special agent, and one or several partners, is responsible for the investigation of the case. He or she looks for clues, tracks down leads, and works with local law enforcement to catch and arrest criminals.
罗纳德·凯斯勒 (Ronald Kessler) 在他的著作《联邦调查局》中指出，特别探员是联邦调查局特工们向往的工作：“大多数特工认为特别探员主管是联邦调查局最好的工作，因为特别探员要对其辖区内的工作负全部责任，而且不需要向任何人每天汇报工作情况。” 3
Ronald Kessler, in his book The FBI, reports that SAC is the job FBI agents aspire to: “Most agents consider special agent in charge to be the best job in the FBI because an SAC is totally responsible for the work produced in his area and does not report on a daily basis to anyone.”3
过去，联邦调查局特工调查尽可能多的犯罪案件。在埃德加·胡佛的领导下，该局力求破获尽可能多的案件。特工们同时处理许多案件——有时一次多达五十起。
In the past, FBI agents investigated as many crimes as possible. Under J. Edgar Hoover, the bureau sought to rack up as many solved cases as possible. Agents worked many cases at once—sometimes as many as fifty at a time.
1972 年胡佛去世后，情况发生了变化。联邦调查局特工开始着手处理“重点案件”。这些案件涉及犯罪团伙和阴谋。他们会花很长时间处理一个案件，有时甚至要花上几年时间。他们会付钱给线人，让他们传递信息。他们有时会让小偷小摸的罪犯继续他们的工作——希望他们能抓到大团伙头目或毒贩。
After Hoover died in 1972, things changed. FBI agents started working on “priority cases.” These were cases involving criminal gangs and conspiracies. They worked a case for a long period of time, sometimes years. They paid informants to pass along information. They sometimes allowed small-time criminals to continue their work—in the hope they would catch a major gang leader or drug dealer.
探员们可能在每起案件上都做了很少的工作。但良好的统计数据很重要。胡佛希望国会每年都能看到更多的破案。这样，立法者每年都会给该局更多的预算。
The agents may have done very little work on each case. But good statistics were important. Hoover wanted Congress to see a higher number of solved cases every year. The lawmakers would then give the bureau a larger budget every year.
联邦调查局卧底特工使用的各种“间谍装备”工具可能包括假护照、枪支弹药、手机、相机、带有隐藏窃听装置或内置摄像头的手表以及金钱（包括外币）。
A variety of “spy gear” tools used by undercover FBI agents may include false passports, guns and ammunition, a cell phone, camera, a wristwatch with hidden listening device or built-in camera, and money (including foreign currency).
联邦调查局证据反应小组正在学习有助于他们工作的技能。他们正在学习如何在犯罪现场恢复证据。
An FBI Evidence Response Team is shown learning skills to aid them in their work. They are at work learning how to recover evidence at the scene of a crime.
联邦调查局在侦破重点案件时会使用多种调查手段。他们会拍照。他们会从汽车、卡车、货车、飞机、屋顶和隔壁房间进行监视。他们会记录电话交谈、打开邮件和窃听室。他们会跟踪步行或驾驶警车的嫌疑人。他们会寻找犯罪证据或犯罪阴谋。
The FBI has many techniques of investigation to use in priority cases. They take photographs. They carry out surveillance from cars, trucks, vans, airplanes, rooftops, and adjoining rooms. They record phone conversations, open mail, and bug rooms. They follow suspects on foot or in their bucars. They look for evidence of crime or a conspiracy to commit a crime.
这种工作有时会让 FBI 特工面临极大危险。在某些情况下，特工可能不得不卧底。他伪装自己，与嫌疑人混在一起。他/她可能在商店或餐馆工作，每天跟踪嫌疑人。或者，FBI 可能会成立一家“幌子公司”。FBI“幌子公司”可能会假装成一家真正的公司，欺骗嫌疑人揭露欺诈或盗窃行为。
This kind of work sometimes puts FBI agents in great danger. In some cases, the agent may have to go undercover. He assumes a disguise to move in the same circles as the suspect. He or she may take a job in a store or restaurant to follow a suspect on a daily basis. Or, the FBI may start up a “front” company. Acting as a real business, the FBI “front” may fool the suspect into revealing an act of fraud or theft.
特工在卧底时会乔装改扮。有时他们还必须佩戴秘密录音设备。他们必须与罪犯混在一起并被他们接受。他们要花数周或数月的时间扮演自己的角色。他们的生命始终处于危险之中，有时特工会在执行任务时丧生。
When they go undercover, agents wear a disguise. They also sometimes have to wear secret recording devices. They have to blend in with criminals and be accepted by them. They spend weeks or months acting their role. All the time, their lives are at risk, and agents are occasionally killed in the line of duty.
联邦调查局对特工有很多规定。在过去，在埃德加·胡佛的领导下，这些规定涉及到私人生活的细节。联邦调查局特工必须穿白衬衫、打领带和擦亮的黑皮鞋。他们不能留胡子。他们不能在工作时间喝咖啡，因为联邦调查局不想让他们在咖啡休息时间浪费时间。他们还必须戴帽子——即使帽子已经过时了。
The bureau has a lot of rules for agents to follow. In the past, under J. Edgar Hoover, these rules reached down to the smallest details of private life. FBI agents had to wear white shirts, ties, and polished black shoes. They could not have beards or mustaches. They could not drink coffee during working hours because the bureau did not want them wasting time on coffee breaks. They also had to wear hats—even after hats went out of style.
1972 年埃德加·胡佛去世后，情况发生了很大变化。联邦调查局进入了一个新时代。行为和着装规则放宽了，就像美国社会一样。但联邦调查局仍然密切监视特工及其行为。检查部门和职业责任办公室 (OPR) 负责这项任务。
Much of this changed after the death of J. Edgar Hoover in 1972. The FBI entered a new era. Rules of conduct and dress relaxed, as they did in American society. But the FBI still keeps a close watch on agents and what they do. The Inspection Division and the Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) are responsible for this task.
当有人指控特工行为不当时，监察部门会接手此案。特工可能伪造文件或向特工助理撒谎。他可能出于个人原因挪用局里的钱或员工。他可能泄露了联邦调查局线人或卧底特工的名字。他可能吸毒或收受了嫌疑人的贿赂。
When someone accuses an agent of improper conduct, the Inspection Division takes over the case. An agent may have falsified documents or lied to his SAC. He may have used bureau money or employees for personal reasons. He may have given out the name of an FBI informant or undercover agent. He may have taken drugs or accepted a bribe from a suspect.
监察部门收集与案件相关的所有事实。它会询问任何可能了解情况的人。它还会对接受调查的探员进行测谎测试。
The Inspection Division gathers all the facts relevant to the case. It interviews anyone who may know anything about it. It also gives the agent under investigation a polygraph (lie detector) test.
测谎仪是联邦调查局最重要的工具之一。它测量一个人的呼吸、心率、血压和其他身体体征。它利用这些体征来帮助判断一个人是否在犯罪或不当行为方面撒谎。
The polygraph is one of the most important tools in the FBI. It measures a person’s breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and other physical signs. It uses these signs to help determine if a person is lying about a crime or about misconduct.
测谎仪操作员让嫌疑人坐下，并将电极连接到其身上。然后，联邦调查局探员会询问一系列“控制”问题。这些简单的问题涉及一个人的姓名、年龄、出生日期、地址——他或她生活中的基本事实。控制问题旨在测量该人对询问的正常身体反应。接下来是更棘手的问题，通常涉及该人个人生活中的秘密。测谎仪现在向操作员显示该人在撒谎、解释或找借口或回避问题时的反应。
The polygraph operator sits the suspect down and attaches electrodes to his or her body. The FBI inspector then asks a series of “control” questions. These simple queries deal with a person’s name, age, birth date, address—the basic facts of his or her life. The control questions are meant to measure the person’s normal physical responses to questioning. Tougher questions follow, usually about secrets in the person’s personal life. The polygraph now shows the operator how that person reacts when lying, making explanations or excuses, or evading questions.
然后询问与犯罪或不当行为有关的问题。嫌疑人会如实回答或不回答。如果测谎仪显示身体压力没有变化，则嫌疑人“通过”了。如果有变化——例如呼吸和心率加快——则嫌疑人“失败”。测谎仪无法证明任何事情——结果不能在法庭上使用，因为它们被认为不够可靠。然而，测谎仪结果确实有助于调查人员决定是否放弃案件。
Then questions involving the crime or misconduct are asked. The suspect will answer truthfully or not. If the polygraph shows no change in physical stress, then the suspect has “passed.” If there are changes—faster breathing and heart rate, for example—then the suspect has “failed.” The polygraph does not prove anything—results cannot be used in court because they are not considered to be reliable enough. Polygraph results, however, do help investigators decide whether or not to drop a case.
战略信息和行动中心 (SIOC) 是 FBI 在危机期间的神经中枢。当发生重大事件（例如恐怖袭击）时，SIOC 就会采取行动。4
The Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) is the nerve center of the FBI during a crisis. When a major event occurs, such as a terrorist attack, the SIOC swings into action.4
该中心位于联邦调查局总部的一间大房间内。数十张长桌上摆放着电脑显示器。SIOC 忙碌不已。联邦调查局的工作人员向外勤办公室发出指令。他们监控电话、视频屏幕和互联网。他们协调救援工作、追捕嫌疑人以及当地警察的工作。他们还协调联邦调查局与军方和其他政府机构的任何合作。
The center covers a huge room within FBI headquarters. Computer monitors line dozens of long desks. The SIOC buzzes with activity. FBI men and women give out instructions to the field offices. They monitor telephones, video screens, and the Internet. They coordinate rescue efforts, the hunt for suspects, and the work of local police officers. They also coordinate any FBI work with the military and other government agencies.
危机结束后，联邦调查局仍会继续参与。受害者援助办公室 (OVA) 为失去家园或亲人的人们提供帮助。5 OVA会让人们了解联邦调查局处理案件的情况。如果需要，它还会帮助他们找到咨询和庇护所。
When the crisis is over, the FBI remains involved. An Office of Victim Assistance (OVA) helps people who have lost their homes or loved ones.5 The OVA keeps people informed of how the FBI is working on the case. It helps them find counseling and shelter, if necessary.
它还可以让犯罪受害者了解嫌疑人的情况。当嫌疑人接受审判时，受害者就会知道。通过 OVA，受害者可以在审判期间和审判之后追踪嫌疑人。
It also keeps the victim of a crime informed about the suspect. When the suspect goes on trial, the victim knows about it. Through the OVA, the victim can track the suspect through the trial and afterward.
如果某人掌握了犯罪信息，联邦调查局可能需要保护该人免受伤害。为此，联邦调查局启动了证人保护计划。这使证人能够逃到新家，开始新生活。
If someone has information about a crime, the FBI may need to protect that person from harm. For that purpose, the FBI started the Witness Protection Program. This allows witnesses to escape to a new home and a new life.
位于波多黎各的联邦调查局总部。这只是联邦调查局在世界各地美国大使馆设立的 50 多个“法律专员”或外地办事处之一。
FBI headquarters in Puerto Rico. This is just one of the more than fifty “Legal Attaches,” or field offices of the FBI, stationed in United States embassies around the world.
证人可以利用该计划保持隐匿。他们远离他们曾帮助绳之以法的人。他们可以生活在新的州，有时是新的国家，在那里他们拥有新的身份。他们被鼓励终生保留这个身份，以避免危险。
Witnesses can use the program to stay hidden. They move far from people they have helped to bring to justice. They can live in a new state, or sometimes a new country, where they assume a new identity. They are encouraged to keep this identity for the rest of their lives to avoid danger.
联邦调查局需要线人来调查案件。如果没有证人保护计划，许多线人将不会合作。许多联邦犯罪无法侦破，罪犯仍将逍遥法外。
The FBI needs informants to investigate cases. Without the Witness Protection Program, many of these informants would not cooperate. Many federal crimes could not be solved and criminals would remain at large.
时间线
TIME LINE
1908 年— 调查局 (BOI) 成立，隶属于司法部。该局负责调查诈骗和挪用公款等白领犯罪。
1908—The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) is created as part of the Department of Justice. The bureau investigates white-collar crimes such as fraud and embezzlement.
1924 年——J. 埃德加·胡佛被任命为新任调查局局长。胡佛一直担任这一职务，直到 1972 年去世。
1924—J. Edgar Hoover is named as the new director of the Bureau of Investigation. Hoover will remain in this post until his death in 1972.
1932 年— 调查局开始运营科学犯罪侦查实验室。该办公室采用最新的科学方法和调查技术来侦破重大犯罪。
1932—The Bureau of Investigation begins operating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory. This office applies the latest scientific methods and investigative techniques to solve important crimes.
1935 年——调查局更名为联邦调查局 (FBI)。
1935—The Bureau of Investigation is renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
1942 年— 战略情报局 (OSS) 成立，负责在亚洲和欧洲执行间谍任务。威廉·“狂野比尔”·多诺万 (William “Wild Bill” Donovan) 被任命为首任局长。太平洋战区二战结束后，战略情报局于 1945 年秋季停止运作。
1942—The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) is formed to undertake spying missions in Asia and Europe. William “Wild Bill” Donovan is named its first director. The OSS will cease operations in the fall of 1945 after the end of World War II in the Pacific theater.
1947 年——国会通过《国家安全法》，成立中央情报局。该机构将在国外执行间谍任务。
1947—Congress passes the National Security Act, which creates the Central Intelligence Agency. The agency will carry out espionage missions in foreign countries.
1949 年— 美国联邦调查局局长 J. 埃德加·胡佛开始编制该局“十大通缉犯”名单，其中包括危险罪犯。该名单将在公共场所张贴，并逮捕了数百名重要嫌疑人。
1949—Director J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI begins the bureau’s “Ten Most Wanted” list of dangerous criminals. The list will be posted in public places and lead to the arrest of hundreds of important suspects.
1952 年——美国国家安全局 (NSA) 成立。其任务是拦截、解码和分析电子信号，包括无线电、电话和卫星传输。
1952—The National Security Agency (NSA) is founded. Its task is the interception, decoding, and analysis of electronic signals, including radio, telephone, and satellite transmissions.
1972 年——联邦调查局学院开始在弗吉尼亚州匡蒂科的校园培训未来的特工。
1972—The FBI Academy begins training future agents at its campus in Quantico, Virginia.
1974 年— 水门丑闻爆发，导致理查德·尼克松总统辞职，此后，美国国会开始调查中情局。许多秘密行动被曝光，美国国会禁止了中情局的部分活动。
1974 —After the Watergate scandal, which brings the resignation of President Richard Nixon, the CIA comes under investigation by Congress. Many secret operations come to light and Congress bans some of the CIA’s activities.
2001 年9月 11 日：美国东北部四架客机被恐怖分子劫持。其中两架飞机故意撞向世贸中心大楼，第三架撞向五角大楼。第四架飞机坠毁在宾夕法尼亚州乡村的一片田野中。这些袭击事件导致
国土安全局（国土安全部的前身）成立。
2001—September 11: Four passenger jets are hijacked by terrorists in the northeastern United States. Two of the planes are deliberately crashed into the towers of the World Trade Center, and a third crashes into the Pentagon. A fourth plane crashes into a field in rural Pennsylvania. The attacks lead to the
creation of the Office of Homeland Security, the precursor to the Department of Homeland Security.
2002 年——国土安全办公室启动国土安全警告系统，这是一种采用颜色编码的警报系统，用于告知公民和政府机构再次发生恐怖袭击的可能性。
2002—The Office of Homeland Security starts the Homeland Security Advisory System, a color-coded alert scale that advises citizens and government agencies of the likelihood of another terrorist attack.
2002 年——国会通过了《美国爱国者法案》，该法案规定了联邦机构为防止恐怖主义行为而进行调查和协调的新方法。
2002—Congress passes the USA Patriot Act, which sets down new methods of investigation and coordination among federal agencies working to prevent acts of terrorism.
2003 年1月 24 日：国土安全部 (DHS) 开始运作。乔治·W·布什总统任命前宾夕法尼亚州州长汤姆·里奇 (Tom Ridge) 为国土安全部首任局长。
2003—January 24: The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) begins operations. President George W. Bush names Tom Ridge, a former governor of Pennsylvania, as the first director of the DHS.
2005 年1月 11 日：迈克尔·切尔托夫取代汤姆·里奇担任国土安全部部长。
2005—January 11: Michael Chertoff replaces Tom Ridge as secretary of the Department of Homeland Security.
2009 年1月 21 日：珍妮特·纳波利塔诺接替迈克尔·切尔托夫出任国土安全部长。她是第三任美国国土安全部长，在巴拉克·奥巴马总统的政府中任职。
2009—January 21: Janet Napolitano replaces Michael Chertoff as secretary of Homeland. She is the third and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama.
词汇表
Glossary
上诉——请求上诉法院复审案件的裁决或判决。
appeal—To ask that an appellate court review the verdict or sentence in a court case.
调查局 (BOI) — 1908 年成立的联邦机构，负责调查欺诈、伪造和其他“白领”犯罪。1935 年，调查局更名为联邦调查局 (FBI)。
Bureau of Investigation (BOI) —A federal agency set up in 1908 to investigate fraud, forgery, and other “white-collar” crimes. In 1935, the BOI was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
共产主义——一种政治制度，在这种制度下，人们相信社会中的每个公民都应该享有平等的财富。
Communism —A political system in which people believe that each citizen in a society should have equal wealth.
反恐中心 (CTC) ——中央情报局下属的一个机构，负责打击世界各地的恐怖主义。
Counterterrorism Center (CTC) —A CIA bureau that deals with efforts to combat terrorism around the world.
国土安全部 (DHS) ——2001 年 9 月 11 日袭击事件后成立的机构，旨在帮助保护国家免受进一步的恐怖袭击。
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)—An agency formed after the attacks of September 11, 2001, to help protect the country from further terrorist attack.
中央情报局局长 (DCI) ——中央情报局局长，负责指挥该机构的行动。
Director of Central Intelligence Agency (DCI)—The head of the CIA, who is responsible for directing the agency’s operations.
科学技术局——中央情报局负责处理间谍设备和技术的部门。
Directorate of Science and Technology —A CIA department that handles espionage equipment and technology.
梯队——一套监听设备网络，允许美国及其盟友拦截和共享来自目标区域的信息和电子信号。
ECHELON —A network of listening devices that allows the United States and its allies to intercept and share messages and electronic signals from targeted areas.
大使馆——驻外国的大使和其他政府工作人员的住所和办事处。
embassy —The residence and offices of an ambassador and other government workers living in a foreign country.
挪用公款——从出售某物品或财产中获利，但卖方并不是该物品或财产的合法所有者。
embezzlement—To profit from the sale of an item or property when the seller is not the rightful owner of that item or property.
恩尼格玛密码机——二战期间纳粹用来发送和接收密码信息的密码设备。恩尼格玛密码机在二战期间被英国的数学家破解，盟军领导人得以掌握德国的军事计划和动向。
Enigma —A coding device used by the Nazis to send and receive coded messages during World War II. The Enigma mechanism was solved by mathematicians working in England during the war, allowing Allied leaders to follow German military plans and movements.
行政命令——美国总统颁布的与法律具有同等效力的规则。执行行政命令由联邦官员负责。
executive order —A rule put into effect by the president of the United States that has the same force as the law. It is up to federal officials to enforce executive orders.
联邦紧急事务管理局 (FEMA) — 一个负责预防和应对自然和人为灾难的联邦机构。该机构负责协调当地警察、消防和医疗部门开展的救援工作。
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)—A federal agency that prepares for and responds to natural and manmade disasters. The agency coordinates relief and rescue efforts undertaken by local police, fire, and medical units.
伪造——伪造文件或签名。
forgery —Falsifying documents or a signature.
欺诈——一种欺骗某人以使其交出钱财的方法。
fraud —A way of tricking someone to get them to give up money.
总情报处 (GID) — 司法部的一个部门，负责收集有关共产党员和无政府主义者嫌疑人的信息。GID 成立于第一次世界大战后，其首任负责人是 J. 埃德加·胡佛。
General Intelligence Division (GID) —A part of the Department of Justice that collected information on suspected Communists and anarchists. The GID began after World War I and its first head was J. Edgar Hoover.
国土安全警告系统——五个风险等级的彩色标度，指导联邦政府评估恐怖袭击的可能性并采取适当的预防措施。
Homeland Security Advisory System —A colored scale of five risk levels that guides the federal government to assess the possibility of a terrorist attack and the appropriate precautions to take.
法律专员——也称为“legats”，是在国外活动的 FBI 特工。
Legal Attaches —Also known as “legats,” FBI agents operating in foreign countries.
受害者援助办公室 (OVA) — 联邦调查局的一个部门，负责向犯罪受害者通报调查状态并在必要时提供庇护和其他援助。
Office of Victim Assistance (OVA) —A division of the FBI which assists victims of crime by informing them of the status of the investigation and providing shelter and other assistance if necessary.
战略情报局 (OSS) ——第二次世界大战期间成立的情报机构，中央情报局的前身。
Office of Strategic Services (OSS) —An intelligence agency formed during World War II, the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency.
侦察机——用于侦察的飞机。这些飞机通常配备有高功率摄像机。
reconnaissance aircraft —Planes used for spying. Oftentimes, these planes are fitted with high-powered cameras.
特别主管探员(SAC)——负责管理该局 55 个外地办事处之一、指导调查以及处理探员和工作人员的 FBI 探员。
Special Agent in Charge (SAC)—The FBI agent who manages one of the bureau’s fifty-five field offices, directs investigations, and handles agents and staff.
战略信息和行动中心 (SIOC) ——FBI 在国家紧急状态或危机期间使用的数据中心，用于协调救援、追捕嫌疑人和调查工作。
Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC)—A data center used by the FBI during a national emergency or crisis, and which coordinates rescue, pursuit of suspects, and investigative work.
电传——一种使用电动打字机发送和接收信息的通讯服务。
telex—A wire service which used electric typewriters to send and receive messages.
运输安全管理局 (TSA) — 负责保护主要交通系统（包括机场、高速公路、铁路和
港口）的联邦机构。
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)—A federal agency that is responsible for protecting major transportation systems, including airports, highways, railroads,
and ports.
英国美国集团——一群英语盟友，包括美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰，共享电子情报并合作拦截电子信号。
UKUSA Group—A group of English-speaking allies, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, that share electronic intelligence and cooperate in intercepting electronic signals.
美国爱国者法案——2002 年通过的一项联邦法律，旨在通过允许联邦机构共享信息和调查涉嫌策划或实施袭击美国的个人来打击恐怖主义。
USA Patriot Act—A federal law passed in 2002 and meant to combat terrorism by allowing federal agencies to share information and investigate individuals suspected of plotting or carrying out attacks on the United States.
搜查令——经法官授权允许执法人员搜查住宅或营业场所的文件。
warrant—A document that has been authorized by a judge which allows law enforcement personnel to search a residence or place of business.
证人保护计划——联邦调查局的一个办公室，允许某些案件中的重要证人采用新的身份。
Witness Protection Program—An office of the FBI that allows important witnesses in certain cases to assume a new identity.
章节注释
Chapter Notes
第一章 国土安全部
Chapter 1. The Department of Homeland Security
1. Bill Sammon，《反击：布什白宫内部的反恐战争》（华盛顿特区：Regnery Publishing Inc.，2002 年），第 83-135 页。
1. Bill Sammon, Fighting Back: The War on Terrorism from Inside the Bush White House (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2002), pp. 83–135.
2. Richard A. Clarke，《对抗所有敌人：美国反恐战争内幕》（纽约：自由出版社，2004 年），第 248-249 页。
2. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004), pp. 248–249.
3. “国土安全警告系统变化年表”，国土安全部， nd，<http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/history/editorial_0844.shtm>（2006 年 12 月 20 日）。
3. “Chronology of Changes to the Homeland Security Advisory System,” Department of Homeland Security, n.d., <http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/history/editorial_0844.shtm> (December 20, 2006).
4. “美国参议院唱名表决第 109 届国会第 1 届会议”，美国参议院， 2005 年 2 月 15 日，<http://www.senate.gov/legislature/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00010>（2007 年 4 月 6 日）。
4. “U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress 1st Session,” The United States Senate, February 15, 2005, <http://www.senate.gov/legislature/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00010> (April 6, 2007).
第二章 国土安全的任务
Chapter 2. Tasks of Homeland Security
1.紧急事务管理研究所，“欢迎来到紧急事务管理研究所”，联邦紧急事务管理局， nd，<http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIweb/>（2006 年 12 月 22 日）。
1. Emergency Management Institute, “Welcome to the Emergency Management Institute,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, n.d., <http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIweb/> (December 22, 2006).
2. 美国海关和边境保护局， nd，<http://www.cbp.gov/>（2006 年 12 月 22 日）。
2. U.S. Customs and Border Protection, n.d., <http://www.cbp.gov/> (December 22, 2006).
3. 运输安全管理局， nd，<http://www.tsa.gov/>（2006 年 12 月 22 日）。
3. Transportation Security Administration, n.d., <http://www.tsa.gov/> (December 22, 2006).
4. Jumana Farouky，《航空恐怖阴谋被挫败》，《时代》杂志，2006 年 8 月 10 日，<http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1224967,00.html>（2006 年 12 月 21 日）。
4. Jumana Farouky, “Airline Terror Plot Foiled,” Time.com, August 10, 2006, <http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1224967,00.html> (December 21, 2006).
5. “允许和禁止携带物品”，运输安全管理局， nd，<http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/prohibited/permitted-prohibited-items.shtm>（2006 年 12 月 22 日）。
5. “Permitted and Prohibited Items,” Transportation Security Administration, n.d., <http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/prohibited/permitted-prohibited-items.shtm> (December 22, 2006).
第 3 章 战略情报局和中央情报局
Chapter 3. The OSS and the CIA
1.安东尼·凯夫·布朗，《最后的英雄：狂野比尔多诺万》（纽约：时代图书，1982 年），第 236-237 页。
1. Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan ( New York: Times Books, 1982), pp. 236–237.
2.同上，第 801 页。
2. Ibid., p. 801.
3.克里斯托弗·安德鲁，《仅供总统阅读：从华盛顿到布什的美国总统秘密情报》（纽约：哈珀柯林斯出版社，1995 年），第 251 页。
3. Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995), p. 251.
4.同上，第202页。
4. Ibid., p. 202.
5.斯坦斯菲尔德·特纳，《秘密与民主：转型中的中央情报局》（波士顿：霍顿·米夫林，1985 年），第 2 页。
5. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 2.
6. 国家反恐中心， nd，<http://www.nctc.gov/>（2006 年 12 月 21 日）。
6. National Counterterrorism Center, n.d., <http://www.nctc.gov/> (December 21, 2006).
7.同上。
7. Ibid.
8. Richard D. Fisher，《中国飞越台湾海峡的导弹：政治与军事评估》，载 James Lilley 和 Chuck Downs 编，《台湾海峡危机》（华盛顿特区：国防大学出版社，1997 年），第 167-216 页。
8. Richard D. Fisher, China’s Missile Over the Taiwan Strait: A Political and Military Assessment, In James Lilley and Chuck Downs, eds., Crisis in the Taiwan Strait (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1997), pp. 167–216.
第四章 为中央情报局工作
Chapter 4. Working for the CIA
1. John K. Cooley，《邪恶的战争：阿富汗、美国和国际恐怖主义》，第 3 版（弗吉尼亚州斯特林：冥王星出版社，2002 年），第 71 页。
1. John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America, and International Terrorism, 3rd ed. (Sterling, Va.: Pluto Press, 2002), p. 71.
2. Lindsay Moran，《揭穿我的伪装：我作为一名 CIA 间谍的生活》（纽约：企鹅集团，2005 年），第 33 页。
2. Lindsay Moran, Blowing My Cover: My Life as a CIA Spy (New York: The Penguin Group, 2005), p. 33.
3. Allan A. Swenson 和 Michael Benson，《中情局傻瓜指南》（印第安纳波利斯，印第安纳州：Alpha Books，2003 年），第 268 页。
3. Allan A. Swenson and Michael Benson, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to the CIA (Indianapolis, Ind.: Alpha Books, 2003), p. 268.
4. 科学技术局， nd，<https://www.cia.gov/cia/dst/home.html>（2006 年 12 月 20 日）。
4. Directorate of Science and Technology, n.d., <https://www.cia.gov/cia/dst/home.html> (December 20, 2006).
5. Swenson，第 27 页。
5. Swenson, p. 27.
6.斯坦斯菲尔德·特纳，《保密与民主：过渡中的中央情报局》（波士顿：霍顿·米夫林，1985 年），第 263 页。
6. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 263.
第五章 国家安全局
Chapter 5. The National Security Agency
1. FAS 政府保密项目，“NSA 庆祝成立五十周年”，《保密新闻》，2002 年 11 月 4 日，<http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/secrecy/2002/11/110402.html>（2007 年 4 月 6 日）。
1. FAS Project on Government Secrecy, “NSA Celebrates its Fiftieth Anniversary,” Secrecy News, November 4, 2002, <http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/secrecy/2002/11/110402.html> (April 6, 2007).
2. Andy Reinhardt，《艾伦·图灵：思考计算机》，《商业周刊》，2004 年 5 月 10 日，<http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_19/b3882029_mz072.htm>（2007 年 10 月 1 日）。
2. Andy Reinhardt, “Alan Turing: Thinking Up Computers,” Business Week, May 10, 2004, <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_19/b3882029_mz072.htm> (October 1, 2007).
3.亨利·C·克劳森和李小龙，《珍珠港：最后的审判》（纽约：Da Capo Press，2001 年），第 42 页。
3. Henry C. Clausen and Bruce Lee, Pearl Harbor: The Final Judgment (New York: Da Capo Press, 2001), p. 42.
4. Jeffrey Richelson 编辑，《解密国家安全局》，乔治华盛顿大学，2000 年 1 月 13 日，<http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index.html>（2006 年 12 月 22 日）。
4. Jeffrey Richelson, ed., “The National Security Agency Declassified,” George Washington University, January 13, 2000, <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index.html> (December 22, 2006).
5. Philip H. Melanson，《秘密战争：国家安全、隐私和公众的知情权》（华盛顿特区：Brassey's，2002 年），第 61 页。
5. Philip H. Melanson, Secrecy Wars: National Security, Privacy, and the Public’s Right to Know (Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 2002), p. 61.
6.美国国家安全局/中央安全局，《美国信号情报指令 18》，乔治华盛顿大学，1993 年 7 月 27 日，<http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/07-01.htm>（2006 年 12 月 21 日）。
6. National Security Agency/Central Security Agency, “United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18,” George Washington University, July 27, 1993, <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/07-01.htm> (December 21, 2006).
7.詹姆斯·班福德，《秘密之躯：从冷战到新世纪初超级秘密国家安全局的剖析》（纽约：Doubleday，2001 年），第 427 页。
7. James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency From the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 427.
第六章 拦截与分析
Chapter 6. Intercepts and Analysis
1. “职业领域——外语”，国家安全局，nd，<http://www.nsa.gov/careers/careers_1.cfm>（2006 年 12 月 22 日）。
1. “Career Fields—Foreign Language,” National Security Agency, n.d., <http://www.nsa.gov/careers/careers_1.cfm> (December 22, 2006).
2.詹姆斯·班福德，《秘密之躯：
从冷战到新世纪初国家安全局的绝密剖析》（纽约：Doubleday，2001 年），第 419 页。
2. James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the
Ultra-Secret National Security Agency From the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century (New York: Doubleday, 2001), p. 419.
3.同上，第 484-485 页。
3. Ibid., pp. 484–485.
4. “职业”，国家安全局， nd，<http://www.nsa.gov/careers/index.cfm>（2006 年 12 月 20 日）。
4. “Careers,” National Security Agency, n.d., <http://www.nsa.gov/careers/index.cfm> (Decem-ber 20, 2006).
第七章 联邦调查局的历史
Chapter 7. The History of the FBI
1.理查德·吉德·鲍尔斯，《秘密与权力：J·埃德加·胡佛的一生》（纽约：自由出版社，1987 年），第 188-193 页。
1. Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: The Free Press, 1987), pp. 188–193.
2. Athan G. Theoharis 和 John Stuart Cox，《老板：J. Edgar Hoover 和美国大宗教裁判所》（费城：天普大学出版社，1988 年），第 55-56 页。
2. Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), pp. 55–56.
3.安东尼·萨默斯，《官方与机密：J·埃德加·胡佛的秘密生活》（马萨诸塞州海厄姆：惠勒出版社，1993 年），第 29 页。
3. Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (Higham, Mass.: Wheeler Publishing, 1993), p. 29.
4. Neil J. Welch 和 David W. Marston，《胡佛的联邦调查局内幕：顶级实地调查局长报告》（纽约州花园城：Doubleday，1984 年），第 17 页。
4. Neil J. Welch and David W. Marston, Inside Hoover’s FBI: The Top Field Chief Reports (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984), p. 17.
5.Powers，第 183 页。
5. Powers, p. 183.
6. Theoharis 和 Cox，第 171 页。
6. Theoharis and Cox, p. 171.
7. “联邦调查局十大通缉犯”，联邦调查局，nd，<http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/>（2012 年 1 月 13 日）。
7. “The FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d., <http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/> (January 13, 2012).
8. Thomas，《HR 3162》，国会图书馆，2001 年，<http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR3162:>（2006 年 12 月 20 日）。
8. Thomas, “H.R. 3162,” The Library of Congress, 2001, <http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:H.R.3162:> (December 20, 2006).
第 8 章 FBI 的运作方式
Chapter 8. How the FBI Works
1. Athan G. Theoharis 编辑，《FBI：综合参考指南》（康涅狄格州韦斯特波特：Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.，1998 年），第 254 页。
1. Athan G. Theoharis, ed., The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1998), p. 254.
2.罗纳德·凯斯勒，《联邦调查局：世界最强大执法机构内幕》（纽约：袖珍书出版社，1993 年），第 169 页。
2. Ronald Kessler, The FBI: Inside the World’s Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency (New York: Pocket Books, 1993), p. 169.
3.同上，第159页。
3. Ibid., p. 159.
4. “战略信息和行动中心 (SIOC) 情况说明书”，联邦调查局，nd，<http://www.fbi.gov/hq/siocfs.htm>（2006 年 12 月 20 日）。
4. “Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC) Fact Sheet,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d., <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/siocfs.htm> (December 20, 2006).
5. “受害者援助”，联邦调查局，nd，<http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/victimassist/home.htm>（2006 年 12 月 20 日）。
5. “Victim Assistance,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d., <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/victimassist/home.htm> (December 20, 2006).
进一步阅读
Further Reading
贝克，大卫。中央情报局和联邦调查局。佛罗里达州维罗海滩：Rourke Pub Group，2005 年
Baker, David.CIA and FBI. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Pub Group, 2005
多诺万，桑德拉。《保护美国：看看那些保卫我们国家安全的人》。明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯：勒纳出版集团，2003 年。
Donovan, Sandra.Protecting America: A Look at the People Who Keep Our Country Safe. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publishing Group, 2003.
弗里德尔、罗恩.间谍技术。明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯：勒纳出版集团，2006 年。
Fridell, Ron.Spy Technology. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publishing Group, 2006.
吉尔伯特，阿德里安。《秘密特工》。纽约州布法罗：Firefly Books, Ltd.，2009 年
Gilbert, Adrian. Secret Agents. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books, Ltd., 2009
Grayson, Robert。《联邦调查局与国家安全》。宾夕法尼亚州布鲁莫尔：Mason Crest，2009 年
Grayson, Robert. The FBI and National Security. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2009
King, Bart。《间谍大全》。犹他州莱顿：
吉布斯-史密斯出版社，2011 年
King, Bart. The Big Book of Spy Stuff. Layton, Utah:
Gibbs-Smith, 2011
互联网地址
Internet Addresses
美国国家安全局
NSA.Gov
这是国家安全局和中央安全局的官方主页
This is the official home page for the National Security Agency and Central Security
美国政府
USA.Gov
此链接提供有关国土安全部的信息
This link offers information about the Department of Homeland Security
联邦调查局
FBI.Gov
这是联邦调查局的官方主页
This is the official home page for the Federal Bureau of Investigation
指数
Index
A
A
机场安检，24-25
airport security, 24–25
武装部队安全局
（AFSA），50
Armed Forces Security Agency
(AFSA), 50
乙
B
本·拉登，奥萨马，68岁
bin Laden, Osama, 68
边境/海岸线保护，20-24
border/coastline protection, 20–24
调查局（BOI）。
Bureau of Investigation (BOI).
另请参阅联邦调查局 (FBI)。
See also Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
创作，64
creation, 64
调查权限，64
investigative purview, 64
约翰·迪林杰被捕，62
John Dillinger’s capture by, 62
科学犯罪侦查实验室，66
Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, 66
特工，66
special agents, 66
伯恩斯，威廉 J.，66 岁
Burns, William J., 66
布什，乔治·W。
Bush, George W.
DHS 创建者，8，9，14
DHS creation by, 8, 9, 14
关于国土安全部员工权利，14
on DHS employee rights, 14
美国国家安全局窃听，行政命令，52
NSA eavesdropping, executive order, 52
9月7日至8日
on September, 7–8
C
C
卡斯特罗，菲德尔，28，29
Castro, Fidel, 28, 29
中央情报局法，27
Central Intelligence Agency Act, 27
中央情报局（CIA）
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
暗杀计划，28
assassination programs, 28
国会调查，28-32
Congressional investigation of, 28–32
创造，26-27
creation, 26–27
科学技术局，40
Directorate of Science and Technology, 40
董事，43–45，69
directors, 43–45, 69
员工（参见员工，CIA）
employees (See employees, CIA)
全球威胁评估，33-35
global threat assessment by, 33–35
信息分析，42-43
information analysis, 42–43
作为 DHS 的一部分，13、16
as part of DHS, 13, 16
保密，28–32，41–42
secrecy in, 28–32, 41–42
2001 年 9 月 11 日阴谋，8
September 11, 2001 plot, 8
技术安全部门，41
Technical Security Division, 41
恐怖主义、战斗、32–35、43、45
terrorism, fighting, 32–35, 43, 45
迈克尔·切尔托夫 16 岁
Chertoff, Michael, 16
冷战，28，50
Cold War, 28, 50
共产党，62–64
Communists, 62–64
反恐，68-69
counterterrorism, 68–69
加密城，56–59
Crypto City, 56–59
密码语言学家，61
cryptologic linguists, 61
古巴导弹危机，27
Cuban Missile Crisis, 27
德
D
死信箱，39–40
dead drops, 39–40
国土安全部（DHS）
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
机构内部，17–24
agencies within, 17–24
机场安保职责，24
airport security duties, 24
边境/海岸线保护，20-24
border/coastline protection, 20–24
创造，12
creation, 12
董事，16
directors, 16
员工权利，13-16
employee rights in, 13–16
公共信息职责，24-25
public information duties, 24–25
约翰·迪林杰 62 岁
Dillinger, John, 62
外交豁免权，37
diplomatic immunity, 37
情报局（DOI），42
Directorate of Intelligence (DOI), 42
国家情报总监 (DNI)，43，45
Director of National Intelligence (DNI), 43, 45
多诺万，威廉“狂野比尔”，26岁
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 26
双重间谍，39，43
double agents, 39, 43
埃
E
窃听, 52
eavesdropping, 52
梯队系统，50–51
ECHELON system, 50–51
应急管理研究所，20
Emergency Management Institute, 20
雇员，中央情报局
employees, CIA
外国间谍，招募，36–39
foreign spies, recruiting, 36–39
信息分析，42-43
information analysis, 42–43
培训, 36
training, 36
员工，联邦调查局
employees, FBI
案件调查，81
case investigations by, 81
纪律，81-83
discipline, 81–83
总部外办事处，74-77
field offices, 74–77
优先案件，77-81
priority cases, 77–81
培训，73–74
training, 73–74
卧底, 81
undercover, 81
员工，国家安全局
employees, NSA
拦截通讯，54-56
intercepts, of communications, 54–56
保密，55
secrecy, 55
安全许可，57
security clearance, 57
专业，57，61
specialties, 57, 61
恩尼格玛密码，48，49
Enigma codes, 48, 49
F
F
FBI 学院，73
FBI Academy, 73
美国联邦航空管理局（FAA），8
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 8
联邦调查局（FBI）
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
局车，74
bureau cars, 74
反恐，68-69
counterterrorism, 68–69
创造，62–66
creation, 62–66
纪律，81-83
discipline, 81–83
雇员（参见雇员、FBI）
employees (See employees, FBI)
总部外办事处，74-77
field offices, 74–77
总部, 70, 71
headquarters, 70, 71
信息收集，70，81
information gathering, 70, 81
检查部，82
Inspection Division, 82
法律随员“Legats”，75
Legal Attaches “Legats,” 75
方法论，67-69
methodology, 67–69
作为 NSA 客户，56、69
as NSA customer, 56, 69
专业责任办公室（OPR），82
Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR), 82
办公室, 83
offices, 83
作为 DHS 的一部分，13、16
as part of DHS, 13, 16
常驻机构，74–75
resident agencies, 74–75
搜索，执行，69
searches, conducting, 69
2001 年 9 月 11 日阴谋，8
September 11, 2001 plot, 8
特工主管（SAC），74–75，77
Special Agent in Charge (SAC), 74–75, 77
证人保护计划，83，86
Witness Protection Program, 83, 86
联邦紧急事务管理局 (FEMA)，17–20
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 17–20
联邦飞行甲板军官计划，24
Federal Flight Deck Officer Program, 24
芬奇，斯坦利·W.，65岁
Finch, Stanley W., 65
弗洛伊德，查尔斯“漂亮男孩”，66–67
Floyd, Charles “Pretty Boy,” 66–67
外国代理人
foreign agents
处理，39–40
handling, 39–40
招募，36-38
recruiting, 36–38
间谍技术，40–41
spycraft, 40–41
信任问题，38-39
trust issues, 38–39
G
G
综合情报处（GID），64
General Intelligence Division (GID), 64
H
H
哈丁，沃伦，64–66
Harding, Warren, 64–66
2002 年国土安全法，12
Homeland Security Act of 2002, 12
国土安全警告系统，12-13
Homeland Security Advisory System, 12–13
胡佛，J.埃德加
Hoover, J. Edgar
担任 BOI 助理局长，64 岁
as BOI assistant chief, 64
担任 BOI 负责人，66 岁
as BOI head, 66
FBI纪律，81
FBI discipline, 81
担任联邦调查局局长，63岁，67-68岁
as FBI head, 63, 67-68
作为 GID 负责人，64
as GID head, 64
迪林杰被捕，62
Dillinger’s capture by, 62
秘密监视，67–68
surveillance, covert, 67–68
“十大通缉犯”名单，68
“Ten Most Wanted” list, 68
我
I
工业商业秘密，51
industrial trade secrets, 51
信息收集
information gathering
联邦调查局，70，81
FBI, 70, 81
联邦调查局外勤办公室，74–77
FBI field offices, 74–77
窃听, 52
eavesdropping, 52
拦截通讯，46
intercepts, of communications, 46
关键词，55–56
keywords in, 55–56
NSA，46，51-52，54-56
NSA, 46, 51–52, 54–56
出于政治动机，50–51
politically motivated, 50–51
测谎测试，82–83
polygraph testing, 82–83
红色恐慌，62–64
Red Scare, 62–64
秘密监视，67–68
surveillance, covert, 67–68
美国爱国者法案，68–69
USA Patriot Act, 68–69
钾
K
堪萨斯城屠杀，66
Kansas City Massacre, 66
克格勃，28岁
KGB, 28
朝鲜战争，50
Korean War, 50
大号
L
语言分析师，57，61
language analysts, 57, 61
监听设备，40
listening devices, 40
监听站，51-52
listening posts, 51–52
米
M
魔法代码系统，48
Magic code system, 48
媒体审查，68
media censorship, 68
军事间谍，45、48-50
military espionage, 45, 48–50
否
N
纳什，弗兰克，66 岁
Nash, Frank, 66
国家秘密行动处，36
National Clandestine Service, 36
国家反恐中心（NCTC），32-33
National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), 32–33
国家侦察局（NRO），43
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 43
国家安全法，27
National Security Act, 27
国家安全局（NSA）
National Security Agency (NSA)
职业生涯，57–61
careers, 57–61
创造，46
creation, 46
54–55 的客户
customers of, 54–55
窃听，52
eavesdropping by, 52
梯队系统，50–51
ECHELON system, 50–51
员工（参见员工，NSA）
employees (See employees, NSA)
总部，53、56、58-59
headquarters, 53, 56, 58–59
历史，46–50
history, 46–50
工业商业秘密，51
industrial trade secrets, 51
信息收集，46，51-52，54-56
information gathering by, 46, 51–52, 54–56
内部网，55
Intranet, 55
概述, 46
overview, 46
UKUSA 集团，50–51
UKUSA Group, 50–51
尼克松，理查德，28岁
Nixon, Richard, 28
哦
O
国土安全办公室，8，12
Office of Homeland Security, 8, 12
战略服务办公室（OSS），26-27
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 26–27
受害者援助办公室（OVA），83
Office of Victim Assistance (OVA), 83
磷
P
帕尔默·A·米切尔，64岁
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 64
帕尔默突袭，62–64
Palmer Raids, 62–64
爱国者法案，68–69
Patriot Act, 68–69
珍珠港袭击，26，48
Pearl Harbor attack, 26, 48
测谎测试，82–83
polygraph testing, 82–83
捕食者无人机，30，32
Predator drone, 30, 32
紫色代码系统，48，60
Purple code system, 48, 60
R
R
红色恐慌，62–64
Red Scare, 62–64
里奇，汤姆，8，13，16
Ridge, Tom, 8, 13, 16
罗斯福，富兰克林，68岁
Roosevelt, Franklin, 68
年代
S
科学犯罪侦查实验室，66
Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, 66
海港，守卫，20
seaports, guarding, 20
2001年9月11日袭击事件，7–9、25、32
September 11, 2001 attacks, 7–9, 25, 32
信号分析师，61
signals analyst, 61
信号情报指令，52
Signals Intelligence Directive, 52
南亚，35
South Asia, 35
苏联，28，35，50，51
Soviet Union, 28, 35, 50, 51
特工主管（SAC），74–75，77
Special Agent in Charge (SAC), 74–75, 77
间谍战，37
spy war, 37
战略信息与行动中心（SIOC），83
Strategic Information and Operations Center (SIOC), 83
秘密监视，67–68
surveillance, covert, 67–68
特警队，74，76
SWAT teams, 74, 76
电视
T
台湾，35
Taiwan, 35
“十大通缉犯”名单，68
“Ten Most Wanted” list, 68
恐怖主义
terrorism
中央情报局，战斗，32–35，43，45
CIA, fighting, 32–35, 43, 45
反恐，68-69
counterterrorism, 68–69
梯队系统，50–51
ECHELON system, 50–51
联邦调查局，战斗，68–69
FBI, fighting, 68–69
领导者/基金，跟踪，33
leaders/funds, tracking, 33
搜索，进行，32–33
searches, conducting, 32–33
美国公民，监视，52
United States citizens, spying on, 52
农场，36
The Farm, 36
运输安全管理局 (TSA)，24–25
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 24–25
乌
U
UKUSA 集团，50–51
UKUSA Group, 50–51
超级消息，48
Ultra messages, 48
美国边境巡逻队，20-21
United States Border Patrol, 20–21
美国公民，监视，52
United States citizens, spying on, 52
美国海岸警卫队 (USCG)，20，24
United States Coast Guard (USCG), 20, 24
美国爱国者法案，68–69
USA Patriot Act, 68–69
五
V
越南战争，28
Vietnam War, 28
西
W
监视列表，24
watch lists, 24
水门事件丑闻，28
Watergate scandal, 28
“白领”犯罪，64
“white collar” crimes, 64
证人保护计划，83，86
Witness Protection Program, 83, 86
第二次世界大战，26、46–49、68
World War II, 26, 46–49, 68
致读者
Note To Our Readers
关于此电子书：
此电子书最初以印刷版书籍的形式出版。我们对此电子版的格式做了很多更改，但在某些情况下，我们保留了印刷版书籍的参考资料，以便此版本对您更有帮助。
About This Electronic Book:
This electronic book was initially published as a printed book. We have made many changes in the formatting of this electronic edition, but in certain instances, we have left references from the printed book so that this version is more helpful to you.
章节注释和互联网地址：
我们已尽最大努力确保此电子书中的所有互联网地址在创建此版本时都是有效且合适的。但是，作者和出版商无法控制这些互联网站点或他们可能链接到的其他网站上提供的资料，也不承担任何责任。章节注释旨在作为本书原始研究的历史参考资料。这些参考资料目前可能不活跃或不合适，因此我们已停用章节注释中引用的互联网链接。
Chapter Notes and Internet Addresses:
We have done our best to make sure all Internet Addresses in this electronic book were active and appropriate when this edition was created. However, the author and the publisher have no control over and assume no liability for the material available on those Internet sites or on other Web sites they may link to. The Chapter Notes are meant as a historical reference source of the original research for this book. The references may not be active or appropriate at this time, therefore we have deactivated the internet links referenced in the Chapter Notes.
索引：
索引中的所有页码均指本书印刷版的页码。我们有意保留了这些页码引用。虽然电子书具有搜索功能，但我们认为保留原始索引不仅能让读者看到最初引用的内容，还能看到某个术语被引用的频率。
Index:
All page numbers in the index refer to pages in the printed edition of this book. We have intentionally left these page references. While electronic books have a search capability, we feel that leaving in the original index allows the reader to not only see what was initially referenced, but also how often a term has been referenced.
任何意见、问题或建议都可以通过电子邮件发送至comments@enslow.com或以下地址：
Any comments, problems, or suggestions can be sent by e-mail to comments@enslow.com or to the following address:
保留所有权利。未经 Enslow Publishers, Inc. 事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或任何方式复制、下载、上传、传输、解构、反向工程本文的任何部分，或将其放入任何当前或未来的信息存储和检索系统（电子或机械）。
All rights reserved. No part of this text may be reproduced, downloaded, uploaded, transmitted, deconstructed, reverse engineered, or placed into any current or future information storage and retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of Enslow Publishers, Inc.
Enslow Elementary 是 Enslow Publishers, Inc. 的子公司。
Enslow Elementary, an imprint of Enslow Publishers, Inc.
Enslow Elementary® 是 Enslow Publishers, Inc. 的注册商标。
Enslow Elementary® is a registered trademark of Enslow Publishers, Inc.
版权所有 © 2013 Enslow Publishers, Inc.
Copyright © 2013 by Enslow Publishers, Inc.
版权所有。
All rights reserved.
未经出版商书面许可，不得以任何方式复制本书的任何部分。
No part of this book may be reproduced by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
原版于 2008 年出版，题为《美国安全机构：国土安全部、联邦调查局、国家安全局和中央情报局》。
Original edition published as America’s Security Agencies: The Department of Homeland Security, FBI, NSA, and CIA in 2008.
美国国会图书馆出版品目錄數據
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Streissguth，Thomas，1958 年 - 《
美国安全机构：中央情报局、联邦调查局、国家安全局和国土安全部如何保护我们的安全》/Tom Streissguth。p
. cm。
包括参考书目和索引。
摘要：“了解美国安全机构及其如何保护我们的安全” - 由出版商提供。ISBN
978-0-7660-4064-9
1. 情报局 - 美国 - 青少年文学。2. 美国中央情报局 - 青少年文学。3. 美国联邦调查局 - 青少年文学。4. 美国国家安全局 - 青少年文学。5. 美国国土安全部 - 青少年文学。6. 国家安全 - 美国 - 青少年文学。I. 标题。
JK468.I6S76 2012
355'.033073—dc23
2011028542
Streissguth, Thomas, 1958–
The security agencies of the United States : how the CIA, FBI, NSA and Homeland Security keep us safe / Tom Streissguth.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “Read about America’s Security Agencies and how they keep us safe”—Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-0-7660-4064-9
1. Intelligence service—United States—Juvenile literature. 2. United States. Central Intelligence Agency—Juvenile literature. 3. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation— Juvenile literature. 4. United States. National Security Agency—Juvenile literature. 5. United States. Dept. of Homeland Security—Juvenile literature. 6. National security— United States—Juvenile literature. I. Title.
JK468.I6S76 2012
355'.033073—dc23
2011028542
未来版本：
平装本 ISBN 978-1-4644-0170-1
ePUB ISBN 978-1-4645-1077-9
ePDF ISBN 978-1-4646-1077-6
Future editions:
Paperback ISBN 978-1-4644-0170-1
ePUB ISBN 978-1-4645-1077-9
ePDF ISBN 978-1-4646-1077-6
这是 ePUB 1.0 版本。
This is the ePUB version 1.0.
封面照片： ©Peter Kim/Shutterstock
Cover Photo: ©Peter Kim/Shutterstock
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Come to enslow.com for more information!
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